DEFINITE

INTEGRATION
Lecture
by
J K Gondwe

09/09/20 1
LECTURE OBJECTIVES
Evaluate definite integrals of:
 Polynomials

 Exponential functions

 Functions of the form a/x

 Trig functions

09/09/20 2
Recall
There are several definitions .
• the reverse of differentiation (see previous presentation)
• the total area under the graph
- mid - ordinate rule
- Simpson's rule
- Trapezoidal rule

09/09/20 3
 Cont’d
Consider the graph below
y  f(x) y  f(x)

We want to find the area

under the graph
dx
Area of shaded strip  y . dx
09/09/20 Total Area  sum of areas of the strips
4
Cont’d
The S - shaped symbol  for integration represents
the sum.
This was perceived as the sum of areas of extremely
small rectangles of height y or f(x) and width dx.

Thus the total area can be mathematically represented as :

 ydx

09/09/20 5
 cont’d
l. Indefinite Integral : This is open - ended. No boundaries are set.

 y dx

2. Definite Integral : This sets the boundary for values

of x under which the area should be calculated.
b b

a
y dx or a
f ( x) dx a b

09/09/20 6
Integral notations

a b

The definite integral of a function f(x) from a to b is

the area under the graph of that function between points a and b.

b
The symbol for definite integration is  f(x) dx
a

09/09/20 7
Cont’d

Upper limit of
integration Variable of integration

b
a
f ( x) dx

Lower limit of Integrand

integration

 a, b is the interval of integration where a  b

09/09/20 8
AREA UNDER THE CURVE

y=f(x) y=F(b)

b
a b

y=F(a)
y=F(b)-F(a)

a a b
b

 f ( x)dx   F ( x) a  F (b)  F (a) where F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x).

b
09/09/20 9
a
Connection Between Definite
Integration and Antiderivative

According to the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,

b

 f ( x)dx   F ( x) a  F (b)  F (a)

b

where F(x) is an antideriva tive of f(x).

 Definite Integration

The definite integral of a function f ( x) from

a to b is the area under the graph of that function
between points a and b.
b

 f ( x) dx
a
Connection Between Definite
Integration and Antiderivative

 According to the Fundamental Theorem of

Calculus,
b

 f ( x)dx  F ( x)
b
a  F (b)  F (a)
a

where F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x).

 b
HOW TO EVALUATE a
f ( x) dx

Integration gives some function of x, say F(x)

Substitute for x  a and x  b in the F(x) and
Subtract according to
 F(x) a  F (b)  F (a)
b

09/09/20 13
Cont’d
The general rule is

f ( x) dx   F ( x)  k  a
b

b
a

  F (b)  k    F (a)  k 
where a is the lower limit and b is the upper limit
and a b

Note : It is not necessary to include a constant of integration k

in the antiderivative because they cancel out when you subtract.

09/09/20 14
Cont’d
For the function f(x)  x n
b
b xn 1

 x dx    k
n
a
 n 1 a
 b n 1   a n 1 
   k     k 
 n 1   n 1 
where a is the lower limit and b is the upper limit
and a b

09/09/20 15
Example 1
2
 Evaluate 
1
x 3 dx
2
2 x 4

 x dx    c 
3
1
4 1
 24   14 
   c     c 
 4  4 
16 1
 c c
4 4
15

09/09/20
4 16
Example 2

 Evaluate
 cos x dx
2


4


 cos x dx   sin x  c
2 
2

 4
4

 
 sin  c  sin  c
2 4
 1 - 0.7071
 0.2929
Note : the angles are in radians
09/09/20 17
Example 3
2 1
Evaluate 0 x2
dx

dx   ln x  2  c  0
2 1

2
0 x2
  ln 2  2  c    ln 0  2  c 
 ln4 - ln2
4
 ln
2
 ln2
 0.6931

09/09/20 18
Cont’d
 This is not open ended like the indefinite
integration.
 It has boundaries( the lower and the upper
limits).
 The integral has a value rather than a
general expression.
 The value comes from the numerical
substitution of limits.

09/09/20 19
Example 4
0.5

2x
 Evaluate e dx
0
0.5
0.5 e  2x

 dx    c
2x
e
0
 2 0
20.5 20
e e
 c c
2 2
 1.359  0.5
 0.859
09/09/20 20
Example 5

1
 x ( x  1) dx
2 3
Find
0

09/09/20 21
Solution
du
Let u  x  1, 3
 x 2 dx
3
changing variable requires changing limits as well
for x  1, u U  1  1  2
for x  0, u L  0  1  1
1 2 u4
Hence  x 2 ( x 3  1) 4 dx   du
0 1 3
2
u 5
 
15  0
31
09/09/20  22
15
Exercise
Evaluate the following
3

3
1. 2x dx
1

4 dx
2.  2 2x  3

3.   cos d
2

-2

09/09/20 23
Solutions

1. 40

2. 0.8047

3. 2

09/09/20 24