MOMENTUM

PLEASE FASTEN YOUR SEAT BELT. . .

 Describe momentum and impulse and relate it to collisions

 Observe that the total momentum before and after collision is equal
 Relate the effects of collisions in real-life situations
 FLASHBACK. . .
 When you were in Grade 8. . .

 Objects at rest want to stay at rest. Objects in

motion want to stay in motion. Objects in motion
have speed.
 Acceleration: Change of velocity (the rate of this
change)
 Force:

* The capacity to do work or cause physical

change
* To move or effect against resistance or
inertia
WHAT IS MOMENTUM? ? ?

p=mv
WHAT AFFECTS MOMENTUM??

Which of the two cars would be

more difficult to stop?

Which of the two cars has

more momentum?

Car Orange, is faster, is more

difficult to stop. It has more
momentum.
WHAT CAUSES CHANGES IN MOMENTUM? ?

 Why do you need to fasten seat belts?

What does it do?

Can you think of some other safety

devices installed on vehicles?
IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM

In physics, an external force acting on an object over a

specific time leads to a change in momentum of the
object. A special name is given to the product of the force
applied and the time interval during which it acts: impulse.

Impulse = force x time

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
 It states that the net force is directly proportional to
the mass of a body and its acceleration.
 F= ma
 Since, a= vf- vi / t

 Ft = mvf – mvi

 Since p = mv,

then
 Ft = pf – pi A quick jab by a boxer makes a hard hit

or
the impact force is smaller when the impact time is bigger
 Ft = Δp the impact force is bigger when the impact time is smaller.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Richi hits a 0.02 kg golf ball, giving it a speed of 25 m/s. What impulse does he impart to the ball?

Given: m = 0.02 kg
Δv = 25 m/s – 0 = 25 m/s

Find: I=?

Solution: The SI unit of impulse is the newton second (N·s), and the

Thus, I = Δp = mΔv dimensionally equivalent unit of momentum is the kilogram
= (0.02 kg)(25 m/s) meter per second (kg·m/s). 
= 0.50 kg-m/s or 0.50 N·s
TRY THIS!

 1. An object travels with a velocity V1 = 4 m/s V2 = -3 m/s

4m/s to the east. Then, its direction of
motion and magnitude of velocity are
changed. Picture given shows the
directions and magnitudes of velocities. m = 3 kg
Find the impulse given to this object.
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

 Conservation of momentum is a
fundamental law of physics which
states that the momentum of a system
is constant if there are no external
forces acting on the system. It is
embodied in Newton's first law (the law
of inertia).
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

If the momentum lost by one object is

gained by another object, then the total
amount is constant
EXAMPLE: MONEY CONSERVATION IN A FINANCIAL REACTION

 Suppose that we were to check the pockets of Tere and

Marie before and after the money transaction in order to BEFORE AFTER CHANGE
determine the amount of money that each possesses. 
 Prior to the transaction, Tere possesses P100 and Marie
possesses P100. The total amount of money of the two TERE 100 50 50
people before the transaction is P200. During the
transaction, Tere pays Marie P50 for the given item MARIE 100 150 50
being bought. Tere is a transfer of P50 from Tere's pocket
to Marie's pocket. Tere has lost P50 and Marie has
gained P50. The money lost by Tere is equal to the TOTAL 200 200
money gained by Marie. After the transaction, Tere now
has P50 in his pocket and Marie has P150 in her pocket.
THE SAME/EQUAL

CONSERVATION
 TRY, ONCE MORE!

 A baseball player holds a bat loosely Before Collision After

Collision
and bunts a ball. Express your
BAT 80 B=?
understanding of momentum
BALL -40 10
conservation by filling in the tables.
TOTAL A=? C=?
 TRY, ONCE MORE!

 . A Tomahawk cruise missile is

launched from the barrel of a mobile Before Collision After
Collision
missile launcher. Neglect friction.
MISSILE 0 5000
Express your understanding of
LAUNCHER 0 B=?
momentum conservation by filling in
TOTAL A=? C=?
the tables below.
ELASTIC AND INELASTIC COLLISIONS

 A collision is an encounter between two

objects resulting in exchange of impulse
and momentum. Because the time of
impact is usually small, the impulse
provided by external forces like friction
during this time is negligible. If we take
the colliding bodies as one system, the
momentum of the system is therefore
approximately conserved.

total momentum before collision = total momentum after collision

COLLISIONS ARE CATEGORIZED ACCORDING TO WHETHER THE
TOTAL KINETIC ENERGY OF THE SYSTEM CHANGES.

Kinetic energy may be lost during

collisions when

 (1) it is converted to heat or other forms

like binding energy, sound, light (if
there is spark), etc. and
 (2) it is spent in producing deformation
or damage, such as when two cars
collide.
TWO TYPES OF COLLISION

 1. Elastic collision – one in which the

total kinetic energy of the system does
not change and colliding objects bounce
off after collision.
TWO TYPES OF COLLISION

 2. Inelastic collision – one in which the

total kinetic energy of the system changes
(i.e., converted to some other form of
energy). Objects that stick together after
collision is said to be perfectly inelastic
NOW, LET’S APPLY!
BEFORE AFTER

 In a physics lab, 0.500-kg cart (Cart CART A

A) moving rightward with a speed of 0.500* 92.8= 46.4 0.500* v

92.8 m/s collides with a 1.50-kg cart CART B =?
(Cart B) moving leftward with a 1.50* -21.6= -32.4 1.50* v = ?
speed of 21.6 m/s. The two carts TOTAL
stick together and move as a single 14.0 14.0
object after the collision. Determine
I = Δp = mΔv
the post-collision speed of the two 14.0 = 0.500*v + 1.50*v
carts. 14.0 = 2.00*v
v=14.0/2
v= 7.0 m/s
TEST NOTEBOOK!

 In a physics lab, a 0.500-kg cart (Cart

  A 25.0-gram bullet enters a 2.35-kg
A) moving with a speed of 129 m/s
watermelon and embeds itself in the
encounters a magnetic collision with a
melon. The melon is immediately set
1.50-kg cart (Cart B) that is initially at
into motion with a speed of 3.82 m/s.
rest. The 0.500-kg cart rebounds with a
The bullet remains lodged inside the
speed of 45 m/s in the opposite
melon. What was the entry speed of the
direction. Determine the post-collision
bullet?
speed of the 1.50-kg cart