PRECALCULUS

In a ¼ sheet of paper, write the following

information:

1. Subject/Section:
2. Time:
3. Name:
4. Birthdate:
5. Address:
6. Contact #:
 MATH CLASS RULES
Must come to class prepared

Alert and always pay attention to instruction

Talk appropriately and respectfully

Have all given responsibilities carried out

 Grading System
• Written work - 25 %
• Performance tasks - 45 %
• Examination - 30 %
Let’s get to know each other! 
 Precalculus Topic Outline
• ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
1. Types of Conic Sections ( parabola, ellipse, circle,
hyperbola, & degenerate cases)
2. Definition, standard equation, and graph
of a circle;
3. Definition, standard equation, & graph of a
parabola;
4. Definition, standard equation, & graph of an
ellipse;
5. Definition, standard equation, & graph of a
hyperbola
 Precalculus Topic Outline
• ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
6. Recognize the equation and important characteristics
of the different types of conic sections
7. Solve situational problems involving conic sections
8. Illustrate systems of nonlinear equations
9. Determine the solutions of systems of nonlinear
equations using techniques such as substitution,
elimination, and graphing
10.Solve situational problems involving systems of
nonlinear equations
 Precalculus Topic Outline
• SERIES AND MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
1. Illustrate series
2. Difference between series and sequence
3. Use of sigma notation to represent a series
4. The Principle of Mathematical Induction
5. Use of Mathematical Induction in proving identities
6. Pascal’s Triangle
7. Proof of binomial theorem
8. Solve problems using mathematical induction and
binomial theorem
 Precalculus Topic Outline
• TRIGONOMETRY
1. Unit circle and the relationship between the linear and
angular measures of central angle in a unit circle
2. Converting degree to radian measure and vice versa
3. Angles in standard position and coterminal angles
4. Different circular functions
5. Use of reference angles to find exact values of circular
functions
6. Domain and range of the different circular functions
7. Graph of the six circular functions (a) amplitude, (b) period,
and (c) phase shift
8. Solving problems involving circular functions
Need some survival tips?
CONIC SECTIONS
DEGENERATE CONICS
Assignment:

In one cartolina identify and label ten

examples of conic sections used in the
real world from newspapers, magazines,
or from Internet research. (Groups of 4)
 THE CIRCLE
A set of points on a plane
equidistant from a fixed point called
the center.
The common distance is
called the radius.
 Standard Equation of a Circle
Find the distance from the center of the circle (h,k) to
any point on the circle (represented by (x,y)). This
is the radius of the circle.
Review the distance formula:
d  ( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y2  y1 ) 2
(x,y)
Substitute in the values.
r
r  ( x  h) 2  ( y  k ) 2
Square both sides to get (h,k)
the general form of a x

circle in center-radius form.

r  ( x  h)  ( y  k )
2 2 2

y
In each item, give the standard equation of
the circle satisfying the given conditions.

(1) center at the origin, radius 4

(2) center (-4,3), radius
  to the
(3) center (5, -6), tangent
y- axis
(4) center (5, -6), tangent to the x-axis
(5) has a diameter with endpoints
A(-1, 4) and B(4,2)
 More Properties of Circles
Expand the given equation and get the general
form of the equation:

 
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝟗
( x − ¿ ¿ +( 𝒚 −𝟑) =
𝟐 𝟒
If the equation of a circle is given in the general form

or
 

we can determine the standard form by completing

the square in both variables.
 Example:
•Identify
  the center and radius of the circle with
the given equation in each item. Sketch its
graph, and indicate the center.

(1)
(2)
(3)
Conic Sections:
The Parabola
 Parabola
• Review: The geometric definition relies on a cone and
a plane intersecting it.

• Algebraic definition: The set of all points in a plane

equidistant from a fixed point F (the focus) and a fixed
line l (the directrix) that lie in the plane.
 Parabola
Any point on
the parabola is
equidistant to
the focus and
A the directrix.
d2
B
d1 d1
d2 Example:
x Focus Point A: d1=d2
Directrix Point B: d1=d2

y
 Items referenced on the graph of a
parabola:
Vertex

x Focus
Directrix
Axis of Symmetry

y
 Facts: Parabola Equations
• One variable is squared and one is not. (How
does this differ from linear equations?)
• There are many ways the equation of a parabola
can be written. We will get the quadratic part
(variable that is squared) on the left of the equal
sign and the linear part (variable is to the first
power) on the right of the equal sign.
• Equation:
(x - h)2 = c(y – k) OR (y - k)2 = c(x – h)
 (x - h)2 = c(y – k) OR (y - k)2 = c(x – h)
where the vertex is at (h,k) and |c| is the width at the
focus
To graph:
1. Put in standard form (above) – squared term on
left
2. Decide which way the parabola opens.
(CASE 1 or 2?)
Look at the right side. If y: + c → opens up
If y: - c → opens down
If x: + c → opens right
If x: - c → opens left
 (x - h)2 = c(y – k) OR (y - k)2 = c(x – h)
where the vertex is at (h,k) and |c| is the width at the
focus
To graph:
3. Plot the vertex (h,k) Note what happens to the
signs.
4. Plot the focus: move │¼ c │ from the vertex in
the direction that the parabola opens. Mark
with an f.
5. Draw the directrix: │¼ c │ from the vertex in
the opposite direction of the focus (Remember
that the directrix is a line.)
 (x - h)2 = c(y – k) OR (y - k)2 = c(x – h)
where the vertex is at (h,k) and |c| is the width at the
focus
To graph:
6. Plot the endpoints of the latus rectum/focal
chord (width at the focus). The width is the │c│
at the focus.
7. Sketch the parabola by going through the vertex
and the endpoints of the latus rectum. (Be sure
to extend the curve and put arrows.)
8. Identify the axis of symmetry. (The line that goes
through the vertex dividing the parabola in half.)
 Exp. 1: Graph (x - 5)2 = 12(y – 6)

To graph:
1. Put in standard form– squared term on left
Done
2. Decide which way the parabola opens. (CASE 1)
Look at the right side. If y: + c → opens up
If y: - c → opens down
If x: + c → opens right
If x: - c → opens left
Up because y is on the right and 12 is positive
 Exp. 1: Graph (x - 5)2 = 12(y – 6)

To graph:
3. Plot the vertex (h,k) Note what happens to the signs.
(5,6)
4. Plot the focus: move │¼ c │ from the vertex in the
direction that the parabola opens. Mark with an f.
(5,9): found by moving up 3 from the vertex
5. Draw the directrix: │¼ c │ from the vertex in the
opposite direction of the focus (Remember that the
directrix is a line.)
y = 3: found by moving down 3 from the vertex
 Exp. 1: Graph (x - 5)2 = 12(y – 6)

To graph:
6. Plot the endpoints of the latus rectum/focal chord
(width at the focus). The width is the │c│ at the focus.
L.R. = 12 with endpoints at (-1,9) & (11,9)
7. Sketch the parabola by going through the vertex and
the endpoints of the latus rectum. (Be sure to extend
the curve and put arrows.)
8. Identify the axis of symmetry. (The line that goes
through the vertex dividing the parabola in half.)
x=5
 Exp. 1: Graph (x - 5)2 = 12(y – 6)
y

 Vertex: (5,6)



Focus: (5,9)




Directrix: y = 3



L.R.: 12
 f


Axis: x = 5





 x

                         


Exercise 1: Graph (y + 3)2 = -4(x – 2)
 Exp. 2: Graph (y + 3)2 = -4(x – 2)

To graph:
1. Put in standard form
Done
2. Decide which way the parabola opens.
Left because x is on the right and 4 is negative
3. Plot the vertex (h,k)
(2,-3)
4. Plot the focus:
(1,-3): found by moving left 1 from the vertex
5. Draw the directrix:
x = 3: found by moving right 1 from the vertex
 Exp. 2: Graph (y + 3)2 = -4(x – 2)

To graph:
6. Plot the endpoints of the latus rectum
L.R. = 4 with endpoints at (1,-1) & (1,-5)
7. Sketch the parabola
8. Identify the axis of symmetry.
y = -3
 Exp. 2: Graph (y + 3)2 = -4(x – 2)
y
Vertex: (2,-3)



Focus: (1,-3)


x
Directrix: x = 3
           



L.R.: 4



f Axis: y = -3









Exercise 2: Graph x = y - 4y + 1
2
 Exp. 1: Graph x = y2 - 4y + 1

 What’s the first step?

Put in standard form.
y2 - 4y + 1 = x
y2 - 4y + 4 = x - 1 + 4 Complete the square.
(y – 2)2 = x + 3
(y – 2)2 = 1(x + 3)

 Now you try graphing the parabola and labeling all the
parts.
 Challenge Question
Given the following information, write the
equation of the parabola.

Vertex is (0,0) and Focus is at (0,2)

 Review
1) How can you tell the graph of an equation
will be a parabola?
2) What’s the standard form of a parabola?
3) What are the steps for graphing a parabola?
4) What are common errors people make when
graphing parabolas?