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Concepts and Kinds of Set
 Symbols
• N = set of Non-integers (0,1,2,3,4,…)
• P = set of Positive integers (1,2,3,4,…)
• Z = set of Integers (…,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…)
• Q = set of Rational numbers
• R = set of Real Numbers
• C = set of Complex Numbers
What you need to know?
 Addition and Multiplication of Numbers
a. Association Law for Multiplication and
Addition

(ab)c = a(bc) (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
 Addition and Multiplication of Numbers

b. Commutative Law

a+b=b+a ab = ba
 Addition and Multiplication of Numbers

c. Distributive Law

a(b + c) = ab + ac
 Addition and Multiplication of Numbers

d. Identity

a•1=1•a=a a+0=0+a=a
identity = 1 identity = 0
 Addition and Multiplication of Numbers
•e.  Inverse Law
• = • =1
a + (-a) = (-a) + a = 0
2• =1
10 – 10 = 0
 Analyze the following Example
• {1,
  2, 3} = {x| x is a natural number less than 4}
• {2, 4, 6} = {x| x is an even integer between 0 and 8}
• {} = {| x is a whole number less than 4}
• {-2, 1, 4, 7} = {3x – 2| x is a whole number less than 4}
 SET
• viewed as any well-defined
collection of distinct objects
(elements/members)
 Set Notations
• Usually denoted using capital letters and
Elements are represented using small
letters, numbers and any other objects.

A = {a, b ,c} X = {1,2,3}

Y = {apple, banana, mango}
 Set Notations
• UPPERCASE – designates set name
• lowercase – designates elements
• {} – elements of a set
•  and  - is and is not an element of …
•  - is a subset of (includes equal set)
 Set Notations
•  - is not a subset of …
•  - is a proper subset of …
•  - is not a proper subset of …
•  - is a superset of …
• | or : – such that (if the given condition is true)
 Two Ways in Describing SET
A. Tabular or Roster form – is a method of
describing a set where the elements are
separated by commas and enclosed by
braces.
Ex. A = {1, 2, 3}
 Two Ways in Describing SET
B. Set Builder or Rule form – is a method
which makes use of the description {x|
…}. This is read as “x such that”.

Ex. B = {x| x is and even integers, x>0}

 Kinds of Sets
1. Equal Set
- Sets A and B are equal, denoted by A=
B, if they have the same elements.
A={1, 2, 3} B={2, 1, 3}
 Kinds of Sets
2. Equivalent Set
- Sets A and B are equivalent, denoted by
A ~ B, if they have the same number of
elements. Equal sets are equivalent but not
vice versa.
C={a, b, c} D={4, 5, 6}
 Kinds of Sets
3. Finite Set
- A is finite if it contains only countable
number of elements.
 Kinds of Sets
4. Infinite Set
- A is infinite if the counting elements
has no end.
 Symbols
• N = set of Non-integers (0,1,2,3,4,…)
• P = set of Positive integers (1,2,3,4,…)
• Z = set of Integers (…,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…)
• Q = set of Rational numbers
• R = set of Real Numbers
• C = set of Complex Numbers
 Kinds of Sets
5. Universal Set
- Universal set is the totality of elements
under consideration. If A={1, 2, 3} and
B={3, 4, 5} then the universal set
U={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
 Kinds of Sets
6. Joint Set
- Sets that have common element are said
to be joint set. Sets A={4, 5, 6} and B={6, 10,
11} are joint set, since 6 is their common
element.
 Kinds of Sets
7. Disjoint Set
- Two sets are disjoint if they have no
common element.
 Symbols
• N = set of Non-integers (0,1,2,3,4,…)
• P = set of Positive integers (1,2,3,4,…)
• Z = set of Integers (…,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,…)
• Q = set of Rational numbers
• R = set of Real Numbers
• C = set of Complex Numbers
 Kinds of Sets
8. Subsets
- Set B is a subset of set A, denoted BA.
If every element of B belongs to A.
Ex.
If B={1, 2, 3} and A={1, 2, 3, 4}
 Kinds of Sets
8. Subsets
i. Proper Subsets ( A  B )
- When A  B but A  B, some elements
has a common elements.
If A={1, 2, 3} and B={1, 2, 3, 4} then AB
 Set Notations
• UPPERCASE – designates set name
• lowercase – designates elements
• {} – elements of a set
•  and  - is and is not an element of …
•  - is a subset of (includes equal set)
 Set Notations
•  - is not a subset of …
•  - is a proper subset of …
•  - is not a proper subset of …
•  - is a superset of …
• | or : – such that (if the given condition is true)
 Kinds of Sets
9. Null or Empty Set – {} or 
- it is a set that has no element in it.
- an empty set is always a subset of every
set.
 Kinds of Sets
10.Super Set
- set A is a superset of B if A contains all
the elements of set B, written as A  B;
relatively B is a subset of A.
 Kinds of Sets
•11.  Power Set -
- set of all subsets of set given as
where n is the number of element/s.
Ex. A= {a, b, c} , = 8
Therefore the power set of A={a, b, c} are
, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c}
 Kinds of Sets
12.Singleton
- unit set of a set that has only 1(one)
element.
Thanks for listening
Don’t mention it
…
You’re welcome.

Erwin Racosas
Presenter