TOURISM

___________________________

Principles, Practices, Philosophies

Charles R. Goeldner
J. R. Brent Ritchie
TWELFTH EDITION
© 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
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CHAPTER 2

Tourism through the Ages

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 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Recognize the antiquity of human travel over vast distances on

both sea and land.
• Understand how these journeys have evolved from trips which
were difficult and often dangerous to mass travel for millions
today.
• Learn about some of the great travelers in history who wrote
astonishing accounts of exotic places they had visited.
• Discover the many similarities in travel motivations, economic
conditions, political situations, attractions, and tourist facilities
during the time of the Roman Empire and that of today.

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 EARLY BEGINNINGS

Early Roads
The wheel led to the development of a heavy wagon that
could be drawn by teams of oxen or onagers, a type of
wild ass. “A walker or animal needs only a track,” but a
vehicle needs a road.

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 EARLY BEGINNINGS

The Silk Road

In 1889, Rudyard Kipling penned the oft - quoted line “
East is East and West is West and never the twain
shall meet. ” Actually, East and West had already met
more than 2000 years earlier on the now - fabled Silk
Road.
Just as the Silk Road was not a road, so silk was but a
part of the trade. Westbound caravans carried furs,
ceramics, spices, the day lily for its medicinal uses,
peaches, apricots, and even rhubarb.
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© 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
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 EARLY BEGINNINGS

The Classical World

The lands of the Mediterranean Sea (2000 B.C.E. to 500
C.E. ) produced a remarkable evolution in travel. In
the cradle of Western civilization, travel for trade,
commerce, religious purposes, festivals, medical
treatment, or education developed at an early date.

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 EARLY BEGINNINGS

Early Ships
The Phoenicians were master shipwrights, building
tubby wooden craft with a single square sail. By 800
B.C.E. , they had built a network of trading posts
around the Mediterranean emanating from their own
thriving cities along the coast in what is now
Lebanon.
The Greeks followed the Phoenicians in becoming great
sea traders.

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 EARLY BEGINNINGS

Chinese
travel and heritage sites established over a 4000 - year
period when ancestral gods and animistic spirits
resided in mountains, rivers, lakes, and other natural
features.

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 EARLY BEGINNINGS

Polynesians
Small dugout canoes not over 40 feet in length were used
for voyages from Southeast Asia southward and
eastward through what is now called Micronesia
across the Pacific to the Marquesas Islands, the
Tuamotu Archipelago, and the Society Islands. About
500 C.E.
Polynesians from the Society Islands traveled to Hawaii,
a distance of over 2000 miles.

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 EARLY BEGINNINGS

Europeans
The collapse of the Roman Empire in the fourth and fifth
centuries spelled disaster for pleasure travel and
tourism in Europe.
During the Dark Ages (from the fall of the Western
Roman Empire, 476 C.E. , to the beginning of the
modern era, 1450 C.E.), only the most adventurous
persons would travel.

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 EARLY BEGINNINGS

The Grand Tour

The “Grand Tour ” of the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries was made by diplomats, business people,
and scholars who traveled to Europe, mainly to the
cities of France and Italy.
It became fashionable for scholars to study in Paris,
Rome, Florence, and other cultural centers.

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 EARLY BEGINNINGS

Americans
The vast continent of North America, principally in what
is now Florida and in the Southwest, was originally
explored by the Spanish in the sixteenth century.
Remarkably long journeys were made, often under
severe conditions. The Spanish used horses, which
were unknown to the American Indians until that
time.

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 EARLY (AND LATER) TOURIST
ATTRACTIONS
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
1. Great Pyramids of Egypt (including Sphinx)
2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon
3. Tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus
4. Statue of Zeus at Olympia
5. Collosus of Rhodes in the
Harbor at Rhodes
6. Great Lighthouse (Pharos)
in Alexandria, Egypt
7. Temple Artemis at Ephesus
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 NEW WONDERS OF THE WORLD

• The Great Wall of China

• The ancient city of Petra in Jordan
• The statue of Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro
• Machu Picchu in Peru
• The Maya ruins of Chichen Itza
in Mexico
• The Colosseum in Rome
• India’s Taj Mahal
Photo courtesy of the United Nations.

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 EARLY (AND LATER) TOURIST
ATTRACTIONS
Spas, Baths, Seaside Resorts:
Another interesting aspect in the history of tourism was
the development of spas, after their original use by
the Romans, which took place in Britain and on the
Continent.
Sea bathing also became popular, and some believed
that saltwater treatment was more beneficial than that
at the inland spas.
Today, hot springs, although they are not high on
travelers ’ priority lists.
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 EARLY ECONOMIC REFERENCES

As tourists traveled to see pyramids, visit seaside

resorts, and attend festivals and athletic events,
they needed food and lodging, and they spent
money for these services.
Traders did the same.

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 THE FIRST TRAVEL AGENTS

In 1822, Robert Smart of Bristol, England, announced

himself as the first steamship agent.
In 1841, Thomas Cook began running a special excursion
train from Leicester to Loughborough (in England),
The first specialist in individual inclusive travel (the basic
function of travel agents) was probably Thomas Bennett
(1814 – 1898), an Englishman who served as secretary to
the British consul general in Oslo, Norway

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 HISTORIC TRANSPORTATION

• Stagecoach Travel (Hungary in fifteenth century)

• Water Travel (England as early as 1772)
• Rail Travel (England 1825)
• Automobile and Motor
Coach Travel (USA 1908)
• Air Travel (regular schedule
air service began in Germany)

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 ACCOMMODATIONS

The earliest guest rooms were parts of private

dwellings, and travelers were hosted almost like
members of the family.
Housing, feeding, and entertaining travelers is one of
the world ’ s most important industries.

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 CHRONOLOGIES OF TRAVEL

1. Chronology of ancient migrations, early

explorers, and great travelers
2. Chronology of travel arrangers, their businesses,
facilities, equipment, and suppliers

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