|





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@

 


 á
á 
j |
 Count the number of voice packets containing only
silence produced from a group of N speakers in a 10-ms period.



 Denote sample space by S then

S = { 0, 1, 2, « , N }

j |
Πblock is transmitted repeatedly over a noisy

channel until an error-free block arrives at the receiver. Count
the number of transmission required.



 Denote sample space by S then

S = { 1, 2, 3, «, }
 á
á 
j |
 ieasure the time between two message arrivals at
a message center.



 Denote sample space by S then

S = { t: t R  } = [ 0, a )
where t denotes time.

j |
ieasure the lifetime of a given computer memory

chip in a specified environment.



 Denote sample space by S then

S = { t: t R  } = [ 0, a )
where t denotes time.
 D 
j |
 [rite the values of events for problems in case
study of sample space for following events:
1. No active packets are produced
2. Fewer than 10 transmission are required
3. Less than t0 seconds elapse between message arrivals
4. The chip lasts for more than 1000 hours but fewer than 5000
hour

Î 


1. No active packets are produced, then
Œ={0}
D 
G Fewer than 10 transmission are required
Œ = { 1, 2, « , 9 }

º Less than t0 seconds elapse between message arrivals

Π= { t : 0 O t < t0 } = [ 0, t0 )

4. The chip lasts for more than 1000 hours but fewer than
5000 hour
Π= { t : 1000 < t < 5000 } = (1000, 5000 )
 D 
j |
 ieasure the lifetime of a given computer memory
chip in a specified environment. Let the events Œ, B, and C be
defined by Œ=(5, a ), B = (7, a ) and C = (0,3]. Describe these
events in words. Find the events ΠB, ΠC, and ΠB
and describe them in words.



w Œ=(5,a) lifetime is greater than 5
w B=(7,a) Lifetime is greater then 7
w C=(0,3] Lifetime is not greater than 3
w ΠB=(7,a) Lifetime is greater than 5 and 7
w ΠC= Lifetime is greater than 5 and not greater than 3
w ΠB = ( 5 , a ) Lifetime is greater than 5 or 7
 @

á


j |
: How many seven-digit telephone number are
possible if the first number is not allowed to be 0 or 1?




The number of distinct 7- tuples = 8 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 * 10 *10
= 8 ( 106 )

where 8 in the first place indicates that for choosing first digit of
telephone number we have only 8 options form 2 to 9.
while for the remaining positions we have all 10 digits option is
available.
 @

á


j |
: Πdeck of cards contain 10 red cards numbered 1 to
10 and 10 black cards numbered 1 to 10. How many ways are
there of arranging 20 cards in a row?




Number draws form a deck of 20 distinct card = 20!. If we
suppose that the first card can be red or black, then there are 20
choices for the first draw; the next draw must be from the 10
cards of other color; the next form the 9 of the next color, and
so on:
20* 10* 9* 9* 8* 8* « 2* 2* 1* 1 = 2 (10!)(10!)
 @

á


j |
: How many distinct permutations are there of
four red balls, two white balls and three black balls?




Total number of balls are 9 from which 4 are red, 2 are white
and 3 are black, then according to theorem total permutation
can be found like this



—G


G
º

 @

á


j |
: Show that
n
 n

 **   **
k n  k



Œccording to the theorem we can prove like this,

n
n
n

 **    **
k k
 n  k 
 k
 n
n

 ** 
n  k  n  k 
k

   

   
j |
: In case of problem 2 of case study ± counting
sample points ± Suppose we draws the cards at random and
lay them in a row. [hat is the probability that red and black
cards alternate?





G—
 G
p  

   — — ´  
G

   

   
j |
: Πpark has N raccoons of which 10 were
previously tagged. Suppose that 20 raccoons are captured.
Find the probability that 5 of these are found to be tagged?
Denote this probability by p(N).



 x

Number of ways of picking 20 raccoons out of N =  G **

Number of ways of picking 5 tagged raccoons out of 10 and
15 untagged raccoons out of N ± 10 =
—
 x  —

 ** **
   —

 
  

   
 —
 N ´ —

 **  **
p  tagged out of G samples     — â pN 
N

 **
 G
   

   
j |
: You win a lottery if you correctly predict the
number of six balls drawn from an urn containing balls
numbered 1, 2,«, 49, without replacement and without regard
of ordering. [hat is the probability of winning if you buy one
ticket?




Here the probability of winning
—
 — — ´  
 

 **


 Œ



j |
: Show that the probability that exactly one of the
events Πor B occur is given by
    G ' 



P[Œ] = P1 + P2

P[B] = P2 + P3
where '   pG
now form the Rule,  Œ ' B  c  Œc ' B  we can get

 '  c   c
'   —  º      G ' 
 Œ



j |
: Show that
 @       @   '  
 ' @   ' @   '  ' @ 


Identities of this type are shown by the application of axioms. [e
begin by treating ΠB as a single event, then
 @    @
    @     ' @ 
      '    @ 
  ' @    ' @ 
      @   '  
 ' @    ' @ 
  '   '   ' @ 
      @   '     ' @   ' @ 
 '  ' @
 @ 

   


j |
 Πnonsymmetrical binary communication channel is
shown below. Œssume inputs are equiprobable.
j Find the probability that the output is 0.
j Find the probability that input was 0 given that the output is 1. Find
the probability that input is 1 given that the output is a 1.



˜


 
˜

˜

˜




 

 @ 

   


j 

 Let X denote the input and Y the output.
 P Y  P Y  X P X   P Y  X —P X —
— —
— ´ ˜—   ˜ G
G G

—
P Y — X P X  G ˜—
P X  Y —
P Y — — ´ —G — ´ ˜—  ´ —G ˜ G
˜—
— ´ ˜ G   ˜—
—´ ˜ G
P X — Y — — ´ P X  Y —
— ´ ˜ G   ˜—
 @ 

   


j |
 Πcomputer manufacturer uses chips from three
sources. Chips from source Œ, B and C are defectives with the
probability .001, .005, .01, respectively. If randomly selected chip
found to be defective , find the probability that the manufacturer
was Œ; that the manufacture was C.




chip defective  def  ΠΠ def  B B  def  C  C 

 —º  p Œ  —º  pB  ——º  pC


 
 @ 

   



ef    — º p
 chip
efective   
def  — º  p  — º  p   —— º  p@
p

p   p   — p@
si ilarly
— p@
@  chip defective  
p   p   — p@
   

j |
 ßne of the two coins is selected at random and
tossed. The first coin comes up heads with probability p1 and
second coin with probability p2. [hat is the probability that
coin 2 was used given that heads occurred?
j 


P H P H coin —P coin —  P H coin GP coin G
— — —
p—
 pG
 p—  pG 
G G G
  

 

—
P H coin GP coin G G pG pG
P coin G H  —
P H  G  p—  p G   p—  pG 
   

j |
 Πternary communication channel is shown below.
Suppose that the input symbols 0, 1, and 2 occurs with
probability ½, ¼, and ¼ respectively. Suppose that 1 is observed
as an output. [hat is the probability that the input was 0? 1? 2?

 

˜ 
˜

˜

˜ ˜


˜ 




 

   

j 


Y  —
 
  —G ˜ G˜

   Y  —  — ˜ 
Y  —  — ˜
Y  — 
 —
 — —  ˜  — —  ˜

 —  Y  —   — ˜ 
Y  —  — ˜
 G  Y  —  