Viscosity of Fluids-Newtonian and Non

Newtonian Analysis as applied to

Plastics

Presentation By
D.Sai Sandeep
SPG0618008
Contents
• Fluid Definition
• Types Of Fluids
• Properties of Fluids
• Viscosity
• Viscosity Formula
• Types of Viscosity
Fluid Definition
• A fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under
an applied shear stress, or external force.
• Fluids are a phase of matter and include liquids, gases and 
plasmas.
• They are substances with zero shear modulus, or, in simpler
terms, substances which cannot resist any shear force
 applied to them.
Types of Fluids
Properties of Fluids
• Properties of fluids determine the behaviour of fluid.
• The following are some important properties of Fluids
• Density
• Viscosity
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Specific Volume
• Specific Gravity
• Specific Weight
Viscosity
• The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at
a given rate.

(or)

• Viscosity is defined as the measure of the resistance of a fluid to

gradual deformation by shear or tensile stress.
Viscosity Formula
• Viscosity is measured in terms of a ratio of shearing stress to the 
velocity gradient in a fluid.
• If a sphere is dropped into a fluid, the viscosity can be determined
using the following formula:

Where,
• ∆ρ is the density difference between fluid and sphere tested
• a is the radius of the sphere
• g is the acceleration due to gravity
• v is the velocity of the sphere
Types of Viscosity

• As we know, the viscosity is the measure of the friction of fluids. There are two
ways to measure a fluid’s viscosity as follows:
• Dynamic Viscosity (Absolute Viscosity)
• Kinematic Viscosity
• Many are confused between the two viscosity measures and consider them to
be one and the same.
• In reality, they have significant differences between them.
• For a few applications, kinematic viscosity is more useful than absolute or
dynamic viscosity.
Units of Viscosity
• The SI unit of viscosity is the pascal second [Pa s]
• The most common unit of viscosity is
dyne second per square centimeter [dyne s/cm2], which is given the
name poise [P] after the French physiologist Jean Poiseuille

1 Pa s =  10 P
1000 mPa s =  10 P
1 mPa s =  0.01 P
1 mPa s =  1 cP
Units
• The unit of kinematic viscosity is Stokes, named after the British
physicist, Sir George Gabriel Stokes.
• A stoke is defined as one centimetre squared per second.
Viscosity of common Fluids
Newtonian fluids
• Newtonian fluids are named after Sir Issac Newton who described the
flow behavior of fluids with a simple linear relation between shear
stress [mPa] and shear rate [1/s]. This relationship is now known as
Newton's Law of Viscosity, where the proportionality constant η is the
viscosity [mPa-s] of the fluid:

• Some examples of Newtonian fluids include water, organic solvents,

and honey. For those fluids viscosity is only dependent on
temperature
• As a result, if we look at a plot of shear stress versus shear rate (See
Figure 1) we can see a linear increase in stress with increasing shear
rates where the slope is given by the viscosity of the fluid.
• This means that the viscosity of Newtonian fluids will remain a constant
(see Figure 2) no matter how fast they are forced to flow through a pipe or
channel (i.e. viscosity is independent of the rate of shear).
• An exception to the rule is Bingham plastics, which are fluids that require a
minimum stress to be applied before they flow.
• These are strictly non-Newtonian, but once the flow starts they behave
essentially as Newtonian fluids (i.e. shear stress is linear with shear rate).
• A great example of this kind of behaviour is mayonnaise.
• Newtonian fluids are normally comprised of small isotropic (symmetric in
shape and properties) molecules that are not oriented by flow.
• However, it is also possible to have Newtonian behavior with large
anisotropic molecules.
• For example, low concentration protein or polymer solutions might display a
constant viscosity regardless of shear rate.
• It is also possible for some samples to display Newtonian behavior at low
shear rates with a plateau known as the zero shear viscosity region.
Non-Newtonian fluids
• In reality most fluids are non-Newtonian, which means that their
viscosity is dependent on shear rate (Shear Thinning or Thickening) or
the deformation history (Thixotropic fluids).
• In contrast to Newtonian fluids, non-Newtonian fluids display either a
non-linear relation between shear stress and shear rate (see Figure 1),
have a yield stress, or viscosity that is dependent on time or
deformation history (or a combination of all the above!).
• A fluid is shear thickening if the viscosity
of the fluid increases as the shear rate
increases (see Figure 2).
• A common example of shear thickening
fluids is a mixture of cornstarch and
water.
• You have probably seen examples of this
on TV or the internet, where people can
run over this kind of solutions and yet,
they will sink if they stand still.
• Fluids are shear thinning if the viscosity
decreases as the shear rate increases.
• Shear thinning fluids, also known as
pseudo-plastics, are ubiquitous in
industrial and biological processes.
Common examples include ketchup,
paints and blood.
• Non-Newtonian behavior of fluids can be caused by several factors, all
of them related to structural reorganization of the fluid molecules due
to flow.
• In polymer melts and solutions, it is the alignment of the highly
anisotropic chains what results in a decreased viscosity.
• In colloids, it is the segregation of the different phases in the flow that
causes a shear thinning behavior.
• Fluid flow is highly dependent on the
viscosity of fluids.
• At the same time for a non-Newtonian
fluid, the viscosity is determined by the
flow characteristics.
• Looking at Figure 3, you can observe
three very different velocity profiles
depending on the fluid behavior.
• For all these fluids, the shear rate at the
walls (i.e. the slope of the velocity
profile near the wall) is going to
determine viscosity.
• Successful characterization of viscosity is
key in determining if a fluid is
Newtonian or non-Newtonian, and what
range of shear rates needs to be
considered for an specificapplication.
• Many viscometers on the market measure index viscosity but often
lack proper characterization of shear rate and absolute or true
viscosity.
• Absolute viscosity is one of the most important parameters in the
development and modeling of applications that involve fluid flow.
• Therefore, proper characterization of viscosity must be carried out at
a shear rate that is relevant to the specific process. .