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Welding Module
protects
source the
thru weld
the base&
melt the base metal
puddle
metal tofrom oxidation
promote the
the electrode.
as
arc.slag forms also on
top of the puddle.
Return
Slag layer lead cable
Weld
Power
supply
Base Metal
http://www.myweldinglab.com/assets/images/global/MYWELDLAB_CH15
anim1r1_version%202.swf
Electron (current)
+ -
+ -
+ - Step 2:
Protective gas becomes
_ ionized and serves to
conduct electricity.
Cathode
An electric arc occurs in the gas filled space between the electrode
wire and the work piece
1. Consumable
electrode.
2. Flux provides
the protective
slag layer for
the weld pool.
GMAW
Gas Metal Arc Welding
1. Consumable
electrode fed
thru the center
of the gun in
the form of a
solid wire.
2. Gas flows
around the gun
providing the
protective layer
to the weld
pool.
GMAW Circuit
Three things happen
when the GMAW gun
trigger is pulled:
FCAW
Flux Cored Arc Welding
1. Metal-cored wire
carries the
current through
the outside metal
sheath to create
a wide
penetration
profile.
2. Excellent for
welding in windy
conditions.
TIG
Tungsten Inert Gas
1. Tungsten
electrode acts
as a torch .
2. Gas flows
around the gun
providing the
protective layer
to the weld
pool.
3. Separate
consumable rod
can be
introduced into
the arc to
provide weld
metal.
SAW
Submerged Arc Welding
1. Wire is fed thru
the center of
the gun.
2. Instead of gas,
flux is fed by air
pressure thru
the handle of
the gun or from
a separate
mounted
hopper.
Weld Metallurgy
l
Base Meta
Bas
eM
HAZ HAZ
Heat Heat
eta
Affected Affected
l
Zone Zone
Weld Metal
4130
F65
F22 4130
F65
F22
Z
HA
HA
Z
F22 alloy composition
indicates
4130 alloy
highcomposition
hardenability
has
F65 is a plain carbon steel
alloy
less hardenability
& an HAZ problem.
than F22,
with low hardenability, hence
but still has an HAZ problem.
no HAZ problem.
F22 .10 to
F65
restricted
.20
.15
.50
2.50 .30
1.13 .70
.50 1.40
.60 V, Cu,
V,B,Nb etc. Ti Balance
Balance
Carbon
Alloy %C %Cr %Mo %Ni %Mn Others Fe equivalent
CE
Requirements for
PWHT
1. Hard zones in
HAZ & weld
must be
reduced.
3. Challenge is to
lower HAZ
hardness & not
significantly
affect base
metal hardness
PWHT Requirements
Welding of Low Alloy Carbon Steels
F22 F22
Heating bands
An extremely
The weld/HAZimportant part of NACE
is a heterogeneous Part 2:
structure
Annex A has toto
sensitive domicro-hardness
with Welding Qualifications
readings
F65
F22 Buttering with
625 nickel alloy
Buttering Sequence
Closure
2
1
4
3
Bu ld
Weld
We
tte
Low Alloy 2nd Dissimilar
r
Steel Base Metal
Butter
Machine
Make Weld
Closure
Weld
+ PWHT
Prep
Weld
in
te
• Similar failures in Statoil Asgard.
rfa
ce
• Failures instigated by CP & hard zones
in diffusion interface between base
metal & butter.
625 weld metal
Weld Cladding/Overlay
Corrosion Enhanced
Low Alloy Resistant Corrosion
Steel Overlay Resistant
HH trim
Base Metal
Fe= 5%
Fe= 10% He
Two options depending on Ar Ar-He CO2
requirements.