By

Dr. Mahdi Damghani

m
 
ntroduction

O To ensure that an assembly will function

correctly, its component parts must fit together
in a predictable manner
O No component can be manufactured to an
exact size
O Designer should decide the upper and lower
limits of size which are acceptable for each of
the dimensions used to define shape and form
and which will ensure satisfactory operation in
service
ëxample 1

O 10±0.02 means that a part will be acceptable if

manufactured anywhere between the limits of
size of 9.98 mm and 10.02 mm
O 10 is called the à
à 
mimits

O Next slide explains the terminologies used in

defining tolerance and limit. The zero line,
shown in the figure, is the basic size or the
nominal size
Tolerance
Allowance
Upper deviation
mower deviation
Fundamental deviation
nterrelationship between tolerances &
limits
Ôole-shaft picture
Basic size

O The dimensions obtained by design

calculations are called the basic size of
components (also called nominal size)
Actual size

O The size of a manufactured part found by

measurement is called the actual size
mimits

O The two extreme sizes between which an

actual size is contained are known as limits

O The maximum and minimum permissible sizes

are called maximum and minimum limits,
respectively
Gero line

O A straight line to which deviations are referred

O Represents the basic size

O Gero deviation
 Tolerance

O Tolerance is the difference between maximum

and minimum dimensions of a component
Bilateral
u Tolerance is present on both sides of nominal size
O
50 è Ê

Unilateral
u Tolerance only on one side
0
50 è Ê
Ê
40 0
Allowance

O t is the difference of dimension between two

mating parts (minimum dim of hole minus
maximum dim of shaft)
Upper deviation

O t is the difference of dimension between the

maximum possible size of the component and
its nominal size
mower deviation

O t is the difference of dimension between the

minimum possible size of the component and
its nominal size
Fundamental deviation
O t defines the location of the tolerance zone
with respect to the nominal size. For that
matter, either of the deviations may be
considered
Fit system

O The nature of assembly of two mating parts is

defined by three types of standard fit system
Clearance Fit
Transition Fit
nterference Fit
Clearance fit

O n this type of fit, the shaft of largest possible

diameter can also be fitted easily even in the
hole of smallest possible diameter
Transition fit

O There will be a clearance between the

minimum dimension of the shaft and the
minimum dimension of the hole
O f the shaft dimension is maximum and the
hole dimension is minimum then an overlap
will result and this creates a certain amount of
tightness in the fitting of the shaft inside the
hole
O Ôence, transition fit may have either clearance
or overlap in the fit
Transition fit
nterference fit

O n this case, no matter whatever may be the

tolerance level in shaft and the hole, there is
always an overlapping of the mating parts

O This is known as interference fit

O nterference fit is a form of a tight fit

nterference fit
More illustrations
More illustration of fit types
dentify the type of fit

nterference Transition Clearance

Bases of fits

O Ôole basis
O Shaft basis
Ôole basis
O The basic diameter of the hole is constant
while the shaft size varies according to the
type of fit
O More economical
O Recommend fit basis, except where
temperature may have a detrimental effect on
large sizes
Shaft basis
O The hole size is varied to produce the required
class of fit with a basic-size shaft
O A series of drills and reamers is required for
this system
O Costly
O Used where different fits are required along a
long shaft
Reamers and drills
Note

O Ô and h correspond to fundamental deviation

of zero
O Ôole basis;
Ôoles Ô11 Ô9 Ô8 Ô
Shafts c11 d10 e9 f g6 k6 n6 p6 s6
O Ôoles are always represented by capital letter
O Shafts are represented by small letter
O The greater the number the greater or wider
the tolerance
Note

O A selection of a pair of these tolerances is

huge so standards such as SO standardise
them as will be seen on coming slides

O Standards give most useful range of tolerances

for various engineering applications
Table of tolerances
Table of tolerances
Fundamental deviation
Ô&h
Specification of a fit

O The specification is made as

The basic size
The fundamental deviation of the hole
The hole tolerance grade
The fundamental deviation of the shaft
The shaft tolerance grade
 Note
^
Description Application
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Note
O The most common fits are listed below
Clearance fits (shaft always smaller than the hole)
u Slack running fit Ô11 c11
u moose running fit Ô9 d10
u ëasy running fit Ô9 e9
u Normal running fit Ô8 f
u Sliding and location fit Ô g6
u mocation fit Ô h6
Transition fits (shaft may be bigger or smaller than the
hole)
u ·ush fit Ô k6
u Tight assembly fit Ô n6
nterference fits (shaft is always bigger that the hole)
u ·ress fit Ô p6
u Ôeavy press fit Ô s6
ëxample 2

O f  wanted a shaft and hole of nominal diameter

25mm to have a tight assembly fit  need to look up
Ô for the hole (holes are always upper-case letters)
and n6 for the shaft (shafts are always lower case
letters) in the 18 to 30mm nominal diameter row

O This shows that the shaft can be between the nominal

diameter plus 15 thousandths of a millimetre and the
nominal diameter plus 28 thousandths of a millimetre
(25.015 to 25.028), and the hole can be between the
nominal diameter and the nominal diameter plus 21
thousandths of a millimetre (25.000 to 25.021).
ëxample 3

O Consider an example of a shaft and a housing

used in a linkage

Type of fit is Normal clearance fit

Basic or normal size is 40mm diameter

We will determine the actual working limits, the

range of allowable sizes, for the shaft and the hole in
the housing.
Answer

Nominal
diameter
size
Answer

O For the hole diameter the tolerance is

+0.039 mm
-0.000 mm
O For the shaft diameter the tolerance is
-0.025 mm
-0.050 mm
O These tolerance values are simply added to the
nominal size to obtain the actual allowable
sizes
Answer

O Note that this is a clearance fit. As long as the

hole and shaft are manufactured within the
specified tolerances the hole will always be
either slightly oversize or spot on the nominal
size and the shaft will always be slightly
undersize. This ensures that there will always
be a free clearance fit
Answer

O t is shown on the drawings as

Answer

O Demonstration of previous slide is not

desirable as the operator should calculate the
upper and lower limits, so show them as
Answer

O Or show it as