PRONOUN

Definition
A pronoun is a word
that takes the place of
one or more nouns.

The most frequently

used pronouns are
called personal
pronouns. They refer
to people or things.
 1.Personal
pronoun
Pronouns that are used to refer to
people or things are called personal
pronouns.

PERSONAL PRONOUN

Subjective
Objective Pronouns
Pronouns
Subject pronoun

I She They

You It

He We

A subject pronoun is used as the

subject of a sentence.
Example :
She is my best friend.
It is my dog.
Does he know the answer?
You and I will meet later.
 Object pronoun
Me
You It
Her
Him Us

Them

An object pronoun is used as the

direct/indirect object or the object of a preposition.
Object pronouns will never be the subject of the
sentence.

Example :
Give the pencil to me.
The teacher gave her a referral.
I will tell you a secret.
Hannah read it to them.
 2.Possesive
pronoun

Possessive pronoun is a pronoun

used to show ownership.
There are two kinds :
1. Possessive Adjective
2. Possessive Pronoun

Possessive adjective functioned as

adjective.
 Possessive Adjective Possessive pronouns

I My Mine

You Your Yours

He Her Hers

She His His

It Its Its

We Our Ours

They Their Theirs

 Example :

Possessive Possessive pronoun

adjective
 This book is
 This is her book. hers .
 My book is on  Mine is on the
the table. table.
 Your car is  Yours is green.
green.
 Their house is
the third house.
 3.Reflexive
pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are the self-forms of
personal pronouns.

Personal Reflexive pronouns

I Myself
You Yourself
She Herself
He Himself
It Itself
We Ourselves
They Themselves
They are used in two
ways:
1. Reflexive pronouns
Used as objects or as subjective complement
Example :
1. The teammates congratulated themselves
on their victory.
[object of verb congratulated]
2. She made a promise to herself.
[object of preposition]

2. Intensive Pronouns
Used as appositives or for emphasis.
Example :
3. I myself found the mistakes
4. She herself agreed to sign
 Summary
PERSONAL PRONOUN POSSESSIVE PRONOUN REFLEXIVE
PRONOUN

As As As As
SUBJECT OBJECT ADJECTIVE PRONOUN

I me my mine myself

you you your yours yourself

he him his his himself

she her her hers herself

it it its its itself

we us our ours ourselves

you you your yours yourselves

they them their theirs themselves

Quantifier
How much it is?
 Definition

Like articles, quantifiers are

words that precede and modify
nouns.
Quantifiers tell us how many or
how much or the amount of
noun that is being considered.
Example:
There are many children in the
garden.
Can you see the
I don’t have much information to
share.
different?
 Kinds of Quantifiers
Selecting the correct quantifiers depend on
1. Countable Nouns
2. Uncountable Nouns

Countable Uncountable Countable and

Noun Only Noun Only Uncountable
How many? How much? How many ?
Or How
much?
many much no/none
a few a little not any
a number (of) a bit (of) some (any)
several -
a large number a great deal of a lot of
of a large amount plenty of
a great number of lots of
of
a couple of
none of the
+ noun
 Example
Fill the blank with much or many!
1. It seems to me that we've many
had
____ assignments in English this
term.
much
2. _____ depression can be
attributed to being overworked.
 Example

Fill the blank with a little, little, a

few, few. a
little
1. They say ____ knowledge is a
A
bad thing.
few
2. _____ people know as much
about computers as Tomasz does.
Articles
Any old one?
 Definition

The word ‘article’ comes from the

Latin articulus meaning ‘a little
joint’, or a bit joined on.
In English, there are only three
articles, a, an, the.
 Summary of the Rules
1. Articles are determiners

They normally come at the

beginning of noun phrase, before
adjectives.
Example:
She is an English teacher.
The book is popular.
I’m a university student.
2. What are articles used for?

A/ an is called the indefinite article.

Referring to things that are not known
both to the speaker/writer and to
listener/reader.

The is called definite article.

Referring to things that are known both
to the speaker/writer and to
listener/reader.
Articles can also show whether we are
talking about things in general or
particular things.
 3. The = we
know which
one(s)

We say the doctor, the book, the girl

or the rooms (for example) when
we are expecting the listener/reader
to know which doctor, book or
rooms we are talking about.
In other cases, we use a/an , some/any
or no article.
 Take a look at
examples below!

1. I’ve been to the doctor.

(You know which one: my doctor)
2. A doctor must be friendly to all her patients.
(Any doctor at all)

3. Have you fed the cats?

4. Do you like cats?
 4. Particular and
General

Articles can be used to show

whether particular things or
things in general.
Compare:
1. The children are playing in the
garden.
(particular children)
2. Children usually start walking
at around one year old.
(children in general)
3. They’re delivering the gas
tomorrow.
4. Gas has nearly doubled in price
recently.
 Countable and Uncountable
Nouns
1. Countable nouns : names of separate
objects, people, ideas, etc, which we
can count
Example:
a cat – two cats
a lecturer – ten lecturers
a plan – three plans
2. Uncountable nouns : names of
materials, liquids, and other things
which we don’t usually see as separate
objects
Example:
water, weather, energy
NOT a water-two water
3. a/an
Used for singular countable noun,
meaning one

Plural nouns and Uncountable

nouns
can’t be used with a/an
Example:
a house (countable)
rain (uncountable)
 Use of the
1. The = ‘you know which one (s)’
a. We have mentioned thing(s)
before
She’s got two children, a boy and a
girl. The boy is fourteen and the
girl is five.
b. We say which one(s) we mean
Who is the girl who wears glasses
over there?
What did you do with the money I
lent you?
c. It is clear from the situation
Could you please close the door?
(only one door is open)
Did you enjoy the party?
Rahma is in the kitchen.

2. The = the only one(s) around

Unique things
I want to go around the world.
the sun – the moon – the stars –
the earth – the police – the
government
4. Superlative
I am the oldest in my family.
e.g: She is the most beautiful girl in
this planet.

5. the meaning ‘the well-known’

After a name, an identifying expression
with the is often used to make it clear
that the person referred to is ‘the well-
known one’.
e.g:
She married Justin Timberlake, the
singer.
I’d you to meet J.K Rowing, the novelist.
6. Possessive and demonstrative
DO NOT use the with possessives or
demonstratives
e.g:
This is my mother.
(NOT …. the my mother)
I like this skirt.
(NOT …. the this skirt)

7. Proper Names
e.g :
Anto lives in Indonesia.
(NOT the Anto lives in the Indonesia)
8. Things in general
We usually use NO ARTICLE, not
the, to talk about things in general
– the does not mean ‘all’
e.g:
Rings are expensive. (any)
Cats are cute.
 Use of a/an
1. a/an
a. We can use a/an to talk about one
particular person or thing, when
the listener/reader does not know
which one is meant, or when it
does not matter which one.
e.g:
My brother’s going out with a
Korean girl.
She lives in a nice big house.
Could you lend me a pen.
b. We can also use a/an to talk about
any one member of class.
A doctor must like people.
(= any doctor)
A cow has four legs.

c. And we can a/an after a copular

verb or as to classify people and
things to say what class, group or
type they belong to.
She’s an architect.
(NOT She’s architect.)
I’m looking forward to being a
husband.
2. Adjective
a/an can not normally be used with an
adjective alone (without a noun).
Compare:
It’s a good car.
NOT It’s a good .
NOT It’s good.

3. Possessives
a/an can not be used together with a
possessive.
Instead we can use the structure
A … of mine/yours/etc.
He is a friend of mine.
NOT He is a my friend.
PREPOSITION
 What is a Preposition?

A preposition is a word which

shows the relationship between
one thing and another.

The word or phrase that the

preposition introduces is called
the object of the sentence.
 Common preposition

In between
About up During above

At next to For around

Of among By toward

On onto Behind under

Beside after Over pass by

Against since Into during

As for as opposite Below before

Upon beneath Within except

Down inside As without

Near
With
outside
 Preposition of time

MONT
YEARS H

IN
PARTS
OF SEASO
THE N
DAY
Example:
I was born in 1994.
There is a lot of rain in January.
She always goes to work in the
morning.
 DAY

ON
DAT
E

Example:
The class starts on Monday.
The inauguration will be held on
June 13.
 AT

PART OF
THE CLOCK
DAY

Example:
She came here at 2 o’clock.
Preposition of Place
Prepositional Phrase

Prepositi
Prepositi Noun or
onal
on pronoun
phrase

Example:
My little sister is hiding under
the table.
She was in London during
summer.
Numerals
Kinds of English Numerals

1. Cardinal
Numbers
1 - one
2 - two
3 - three
4 - four
5 - five
6 - six
7 - seven
8 - eight
9 - nine
10 – ten
Cardinal numbers are normally used when you:
1. count things: I have two brothers. There are thirty-one days
in January.
2. give your age: I am thirty-three years old. My sister is
twenty-seven years old.
3. give your telephone number: Our phone number is two-
six-three, three-eight-four-seven. (481-2240)
4. give years: She was born in nineteen seventy-five (1975).
America was discovered in fourteen ninety-two
In saying :
"That is one hundred and twenty-five oranges." (British
English)
"That is one hundred twenty-five oranges." (US-American
English)
2. Ordinal
Numbers
1st - first
2nd - second
3rd - third
4th - fourth
5th - fifth
6th - sixth
7th - seventh
8th - eighth
9th - ninth
10th - tenth
Ordinal Number is usually used :
1. give a date: My birthday is on the 27th of January. (Twenty-
seventh of January)
2. put things in a sequence or order: Liverpool came second in
the football league last year.
3. give the floor of a building: His office is on the tenth floor.
4. Gave birthdays: He had a huge party for his twenty-first
birthday.
3. Fraction and
Decimals
1/4 = a quarter
1/2 = a half
3/4 = three quarters
1/3 = a third
2/3 = two third
1 1/3 = one and a third
1.25 = one point two five
1.5 = one point five
1.75 = one point seven five
1.33 = one point three three
4. Percentage and Arithmetic
Percentage
1. 25% = twenty-five percent
2. More than 50% is the majority; less than
50% is the minority.

Arithmetic

There are four basic processes for working

out (= calculating) a problem:
+ = addition e.g. 6 + 4 = 10 (six plus/and
four equals/is ten)
- = subtraction e.g. 6-4 = 2 (six minus four
equals/is two)
X = multiplication e.g. 6 X 4= 24 (six times /
multiplied by four equals/is twenty-four)
/ = division e.g. 4/2 = 2 (four divided by two
equals/is two)
Summary of the Rules

1. Use numerals for numbers greater than nine.

Examples:
I want five copies.
I want 10 copies.

2. Be consistent within a category. For example, if you choose numerals because

one of the numbers is greater than nine, use numerals for all numbers in that
category.

Example:
My 10 cats fought with their 2 cats.
My ten cats fought with their two cats.
NOT
I asked for five pencils, not 20
3. Always spell out simple fractions and use hyphens with them.

Examples:
One-half of the cakes have been eaten.
A two-thirds majority is required for that bill to pass in Congress.

4. The simplest way to express large numbers is best. Round numbers are usually
spelled out. Be careful to be consistent within a sentence.
Example:
You can earn from one million to five million dollars.
NOT:
You can earn from one million to $5,000,000.
5. Write decimals in figures. Put a zero in front of a decimal unless the decimal itself
begins with a zero.

Examples:
The plant grew 0.79 of a foot in one year.

6. With numbers of four or more digits, use commas.

Example:
$1,300,677
7. The following examples apply when using dates:

Examples:
The meeting is scheduled for June 30.
The meeting is scheduled for the 30th of June.
We have had tricks played on us on April 1.
The 1st of April puts some people on edge.
8. Normally, spell out the time of day in text even with half and quarter hours. With
o'clock, the number is always spelled out.

Examples:
She gets up at four thirty before the baby wakes up.
The baby wakes up at five o'clock in the morning.

9. Use numerals with the time of day when exact times are being emphasized or
when using A.M. or P.M.

Examples:
Monib's flight leaves at 6:22 A.M.
Please arrive by 12:30 sharp.
She had a 7:00 P.M. deadline.
10. Hyphenate all compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine.

Examples:
Forty-three persons were injured in the train wreck.
Twenty-three of them were hospitalized.
Conjunction
Come and join us!
 Definition

A Conjunction is from the Latin

con meaning ‘together’ and
jungere meaning ‘to join’.

Function
1. To connect individual words
2. To connect groups of words
3. To connect entire clauses
 Example
1. Umdah and I went to Noah
concert last night.
Individual words connected by
conjunction and
2. You will have to take the train or
rent a car.
Group of words connected by
conjunction or
3. It’s getting late, but the children
won’t stop playing.
Clauses connected by conjunction
but
 Kinds of Conjunction
1. Coordinating Conjunction or
coordinators
Joins words or word groups of the same
kind and same importance.

FANBOYS
For – and – nor – but – or – yet – so
 Example
1. Join words
Tom and Jerry
Small yet expensive
Kill or be killed

2. Word Groups (Phrases)

up the hill and into the forest
to buy cheaply but not to give freely
hoping to win yet feeling unsure

3. Word Groups (Clauses)

Tom fell down, and Jerry came
tumbling after.
You will laugh, or you will cry.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions or
subordinators
Join a dependent (subordinate) clause to
an independent (main) clause.

After Since As if
Although That As long as
As Though As soon as
Because Unless As though
Before While In order that
How Where Even if
If Whenever Even though
Now that
 Example
1. If you love me, you will not
make me cry.
You will not make me cry if you
love me.
2. Because they were late, they got
punishment.
They got punishment because
they were late.

CAUTION !
1. The subordinator conjunctions begins
the dependent clause
2. Do not write a subordinators alone as if
it were a sentence.
3. Each clauses separated by comma (,) not
stop (.)
 Kinds of Conjunction

3. Correlative conjunctions
join similar words or word groups,
but they are always used in pairs.

both … and …

neither … nor …

either … or …

not only … but also ….

whether … or …
 Example

1. I want both a new laptop and a

new mobile phone.
2. Neither you nor my sisters were
wrong.
3. She is not only smart but also
pretty.
Interjection
Wow!
 Definition

Interjection is from the Latin,

inter, meaning ‘between’ or
‘among’ and jacere –‘to throw’.

An interjection is an exclamation

of one or two words that stands
alone and is usually a response to
surprise, shock, pain, or disgust,
etc.
 Function of
interjection
1. Interjection show strong
emotion/feeling .
2. Since interjections are
not linked
grammatically to other
words in the sentence,
they are set off from the
rest of the sentence with
a comma (,) or an
exclamation mark (!).
 Example of
interjection

1. Ah, this is my
lucky day!
2. Hey! Get away
from my car!
3. Oh, no!
4. Ouch! That’s
painful!
5. Fantastic!
6. Oh my goodness,
you look freaky!
 Position of
interjection

Commonly, interjection precedes

the sentence.
Example:
Hooray ! I won the prize!
NOT I won the prize ! Hooray !
Your feeling comes first, then it’s
followed by the sentence.
Example:
Oh My God! Long time no see!
Noun Phrase
 Definition

Phrase is a group of words.

With no complete meaning.
Noun phrase is a group of
words, consist of noun and other
parts of speech like
Quantifiers, articles, modifiers as
attributes of noun.
Example:
Table - N
Many tables – Quantifier + N
The tables – Determiner + N
My table – Pronoun + N
 Structure

Generally
NP  NOUN

NP  PRONOUN

NP  (DETERMINER) +
NOUN
example:
Class
My class
Mine
The class
More structure of Noun Phrase
Noun Pencils
Determin + Noun Those pencils
er
Pre- + Noun New pencils
modifier
Determin + Pre- + Noun Some
er modifi colorful
er pencils
Noun + Post- Pencils on the
modifi table
er
Determin + Noun + Post- Some pencils
er modifi on the table
er
Pre- + Noun + Post- Colorful
modifier modifi pencils on the
er table
Determin + Pre- + Noun + Post- Some colorful
er modifi Modi pencils on the
er fier table
 Tree Diagram

Let’s draw the

sentence structure !
 Function
Tree diagram shows structure
of sentence syntactically.
When we analyze the function
or category of words in
sentence, we make a tree
diagram.
How to draw tree diagram
Remember
1. Sentence consists of words.
2. Group of words can be phrase or
clause.
3. Sentence can be divided into phrases or
clauses.
Example:
Tina walks.
We can call the sentence S, and label the
syntactic categories noun N and verb V
S

N V
Tina walks
 Phrase Structure

1. N and V aren’t
S
always very good
labels
2. Generally, S
consists of Noun
Phrase (NP) and
Verb Phrase (VP) NP VP
3. NP  N The girl walks
 DET + N
 DET + AdjP
+N
Example:
Tina walks.
The girl walks.
 Phrase Structure

4. S
VP  V
 V + NP
 V + AdvP
Example: NP VP
Walk The walks
Make a cake beautiful slowly
girl
Walks slowly
Labeling Phrase
example:
The girl walks slowly

NP VP

DET N V Adv.
P

The girl walks slowly

Thank You for Your
Sweet Attention
^.<
 Reference
Blanche Ellsworth, John A. Higgins. English
Grammar Simplified.
HarperCollinsCollegePublisher.
Betty Schramper Azar. Understanding and using
English grammar. 2002.
Basic English Grammar Book 1. Anne Seaton.
SaddleBack Educational Publishing.
Basic English Grammar Book 2. Howard Sargeant.
SaddleBack Educational Publishing.
Grammar for Everyone. Barbara Dykes. ACER Press.
2007
English Grammar for the Utterly Confused. Laurie.
Rozakis,Ph.D.
Website:
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu
http://owl.english.purdue.edu
http://www.grammarbook.com/