Moral Dilemma

 Moral Dilemma is a situation in

MORAL which, whatever choice is made,
DILEMMA the agent commits a moral wrong.
  In general, there are three types of
FACTORS influences on ethical decision-
AFFECTING making in business: (1) individual
ETHICAL
DECISION- difference factors, (2) situational
MAKING (organizational) factors, and (3)
issue-related factors
  Individual difference factors are
personal factors about an individual
Individual that may influence their sensitivity
Difference to ethical issues, their judgment
Factors
about such issues, and their related
behavior.
  According to the theory,
Developed by individuals' level of moral
Lawrence development passes through stages
Kohlberg
as they mature.
  The lowest level of moral
development is termed the "pre-
conventional" level. At the two
Developed by stages of this level, the individual
Lawrence typically will evaluate ethical
Kohlberg
issues in light of a desire to avoid
punishment and/or seek personal
reward
  The middle level of development is
called the "conventional" level. At
Developed by the stages of the conventional level,
Lawrence the individual assesses ethical
Kohlberg issues on the basis of the fairness to
others and a desire to conform to
societal rules and expectations.
  The highest stage of moral
development is the "principled"
level. The principled level, the
Developed by individual is likely to apply
Lawrence principles (which may be
Kohlberg
utilitarian, deontological, or justice)
to ethical issues in an attempt to
resolve them.
 2.
SITUATIONA  Individuals' ethical issue
L recognition, judgment, and
(ORGANIZATI behavior are affected by contextual
ONAL) factors.
FACTORS.
  the organizational factors that
affect ethical decision-making
include the work group, the
Organizational supervisor, organizational policies
Factors and procedures, organizational
codes of conduct, and the overall
organizational culture.
 3. ISSUE-
RELATED
FACTORS.
  Moral judgments must be backed
by good reasons.

Reason and  Morality requires the impartial

Impartiality consideration of each individual’s
interests.
  We cannot rely on our feelings, no matter
how powerful they might be.
 - Our feelings may be irrational and may
be nothing but products of prejudice,
Moral selfishness, or cultural conditioning.

reasoning  - Our decisions must be guided as much

as possible by reason.
 - They morally right thing to do is
always the thing best supported by the
arguments.
  - Get the facts straight
How can we tell  - Bring moral principles into
if an argument
play. Are they justified, and are
is really good?
they being correctly applied?
  - Each individual’s interests are
equally important, and no one
should get special treatment.
Impartiality  - If there is no good reason
for treating people differently, then
discrimination is unacceptably
arbitrary.
  - Morality is, at the very least, the
effort to guide one’s conduct by
The Minimum reason – that is, to do what there
Conception of are the best reason for doing –
Morality while giving equal weight to the
interest of each individual affected
by one’s decision
 - Is concerned impartially with the interests of
everyone affected by what he or she does.
 - Carefully sifts facts and examines their
implications
The  - Accepts principles of conduct only after
conscientious scrutinizing them to make sure they are justified
Moral Agent…  - Is willing to “listen to reason” even
when it means revising prior convictions
 - Is willing to act on the results of this
deliberations