COUNSELLING AND

PSYCHOTHERAPY
ESSENTIALS
Alibudbud, Lyle Jigger
Francisco, Patricia Mae
Fuertes, Eloiza Marie
Ingreso, Abbey
OUTLINE

1. PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF
THEORIES
2. COUNSELING VS PSYCHOTHERAPY
3. THE 6 STAGES OF COUNSELING PROCESS
4. GENERAL CATEGORIES
PHILOSOPHICAL
FOUNDATION OF
THEORIES
Who’s that Person?
FOUNDATION OF THEORIES
VALUES AND BELIEFS
 Converted them into a
philosophy and a theoretical
mode
 Predicts probable
outcome to different
conditions
PHILOSOPHICAL
FOUNDATION OF THEORIES
Theoretical models for counseling have their origins:
1. Values and beliefs
2. Converted them into a philosophy and a theoretical model
4. Predicts probable outcome to different conditions
THEORY
1. Summarizes information base on
philosophy and draws conclusion
2. Provides guidelines
3. Explain behaviors
4. Predict desirable or undesirable
outcomes in given circumstances
PHILOSOPHY
▪ A very important foundation of
counseling
▪ Has asked significant questions that
led to human understanding
COUNSELING VS
PSYCHOTHERAPY
 COUNSELING (APA)
- focuses on a specific problem and taking the steps to
address or solve it.

PSYCHOTHERAPY (APA)
- Collaborative treatment based on a relationship
between an individual and a psychologist
- psychotherapy considers overall patterns, chronic
issues, and recurrent feelings
COUNSELING PSYCHOTHERAPY
COUNSELING PSYCHOTHERAPY
Short term Long-Term

Modifying behavior Personality reconstruction

Surface issues Deep-seated issues

Here and now There and then

Preventive Restorative

Conscious Unconscious
▪ Do you have a single concern that you would like to get some feedback on? 
▪ Have you noticed a pattern of problems or concerns that seems to keep coming up? 
▪ Are you typically satisfied with your life and relationships, and just looking for a sounding
board?
▪ Is it time to address previous trauma or family patterns that are keeping you from feeling
good in your own skin? 
▪ Do you have a single concern that you would like to get some feedback on? Consider
counseling.
▪ ·         Have you noticed a pattern of problems or concerns that seems to keep coming
up? Consider psychotherapy.
▪ ·         Are you typically satisfied with your life and relationships, and just looking for a
sounding board?Consider counseling.
▪ ·         Is it time to address previous trauma or family patterns that are keeping you from
feeling good in your own skin? Consider psychotherapy.
 THE
COUNSELING
PROCESS
THE 6 STAGES OF THE COUNSELING PROCESS
6 STAGES OF THE
COUNSELING PROCESS
Stage 1: Relationship building
Stage 2: Assessment and Diagnosis
Stage 3: Formulation of Counseling Goals
Stage 4: Intervention and Problem Solving
Stage 5: Termination and Follow Up
Stage 6: Research and Evaluation
STAGE 1: RELATIONSHIP BUILDING
Tasks here include…
1. Laying foundations for trust
2. Establishing the structure and form the relationship will take
3. Informed consent process
 Core Conditions Necessary for
Successful Counseling Carkuff (1969) adds to these…
1.Respect
Originally proposed by Rogers (1957)
● Empathetic understanding 2. Confrontation

3. Immediacy
● Unconditional
positive regard
4. Concreteness
● Congruence

5. Self disclosure
USING COUNSELING SKILLS
EFFECTIVE LISTENING
Early stages of the counseling relationship afford the chance to build
counselor understanding of client and issues faced. Using counseling
skills to gather information, to begin to formulate impressions
Do’s…
Use listening skills and attend to nonverbals
Listen for the underlying communication
DON’TS
▪ Don’t compare with your experience
▪ Don’t offer advice on personal and emotional issues
▪ Be a judgmental counselor
▪ Jump to conclusions
▪ Make language errors (e.g.parroting, jargon)
▪ Don’t Moralize
▪ Argue with the Client
▪ Belittle the Client’s Concern
 STAGE 2:
ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS
2 Categories of Assessment Procedures:
1. Standardized measures – psychological tests that have a
standardized norm groups
2. Non standardized measures – clinical interview &
assessment of life history.

Diagnosis is a medical term that means "... identification of the

disease-causing pathogens responsible for a physical illness".
 STAGE 3:
FORMULATION OF CLIENT GOALS
The client articulates where they want their counseling
journey to take them
*Client role as one of driving the bus
*Enhances sense of ownership and motivation – factors
important in the change process

Well identified goals help create a roadmap and means to

evaluate

Goals may change, evolve as therapy progresses

5 CATEGORIES OF COUNSELING GOALS
 STAGE 4:
INTERVENTION AND PROBLEM
SOLVING
▪ Begins as soon as goals are established – this is plan for how to achieve
them

▪ Action…directed in accord with new perspectives Talked about…but lived

▪ Collaboratively established plan works best

▪ Educational in that client is offered information regarding options, and

advantages/disadvantages for each
STAGE 5: TERMINATION & FOLLOW
UP
▪ Termination can be done when clients have
worked through their concerns and are able to
proceed forward in their lives without the
counselor's assistance.
▪ Open door / plan for possibility of future need
▪ Termination:
▪ successful counseling ,
▪ counseling is not being helpful
STAGE 6: RESEARCH / EVALUATION

Determining if/when goal is met

 GENERAL
CATEGORIES
• Psychodynamic Approaches
• Experiential and relationship –Oriented Approaches
• Action- Oriented Approach
SINETCH
ITEY
 PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACHES
▪ PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPHY
▪ Freud
▪ repressed or unconscious impulses
▪ childhood experiences
▪ Defense Mechanisms
▪ Dream Analysis
▪ ADLERIAN THERAPY
▪ Analytic perspective
▪ Focus on meanings , goal, purposeful behavior,
▪ conscious action, social interest and belonging.
 EXPERIENTIAL AND RELATIONSHIP
ORIENTED- APPROACHES
▪ Existential Approach
▪ What it means to be fully human
▪ Viktor Frankl
▪ Rollo May
▪ Person Centered Approach
▪ Attitudes of the therapist
▪ Client Centered therapy
▪ Carl Rogers
▪ Gestalt Therapy
▪ Here and now experiences.
▪ Frits Perls
 ACTION- ORIENTED APPROACHES
▪ Reality Therapy
▪ Client’s current behavior and stressors creating new behavior
▪ on improving present relationships and circumstances, while avoiding
discussion of past events.
▪ Behavior Therapy
▪ Taking steps to make concrete changes
▪ Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
▪ Dysfunctional Beliefs
▪ Behavioral problems
▪ identify, evaluate, dispute, and act against his or her irrational self- defeating
beliefs
▪ active-directive, solution-oriented therapy which focuses on resolving
 THE END.
THANK YOU 😊
REFERENCES:
▪ http://www.krishnanursinghome.in/wp-content/uploads/20
14/07/Stages-of-counselling.pdf