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Class: BI221 Microbiology
Instructor: Dr. Elaine Vanterpool
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Van Leewenhook- first observed living
microorganisms and called them ´animalculesµ from
rain water
Robert Hooke- observing cork using a microscope
(small cells or boxes)
cell theory-all living things are composed of cells
After Leewenhook, the thoery of spontaneous
generation came about
forms of life can arise from the non-living
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Rudolf Virchow-(theory of biogenesis)
challenged the spontaneous generation and
claimed that only living things can rise to living
things
Spallanzani- showed that heating a nutrient
broth after sealing did not give rise to
microorganisms and suggested that
microorganisms are in the air
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Yhe causative agent of disease must be
present in all cases of disease and must be
absent from healthy animals
Yhe agent of disease can be isolated from the
diseased animal and can be grown in pure
culture
Yhe disease can be produced by inoculating a
portion of the pure culture into healthy animals
Yhe agent of disease can be re-isolated from
infected animal
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Spirillum is
more rigid
and helical
shaped
Spirochete
is more
flexible and
corkscrew
shaped
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An appendage on the
bacterial cell wall that
is responsible for
attachment
Pili is a type of fimbria
that is used for ´sexµ
between bacteria.
Joins bacteria to
transfer genetic
information
Is a thin appendage arising from the surface of the
cell which is used for locomotion. It is composed of
flagellin in prokaryotes
Some bacteria can have either of the four
arrangements of flagella
Monotrichous
Amphitrichous
Lophotrichous
Peritirchous
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Passive
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Osmotic pressure-pressure required to move water
Isotonic-equilibrium of solute concentration outside
and inside
Hypotonic-concentration of solutes outside is lower
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Active transport-requires energy
rucleoid-primitive nucleus (lacks membranes)
Ribosomes- protein synthesis (70s for bacteria; 80s for
eukaryotes); can be inhibited by antibiotics
Inclusion bodies
Metachromatic granules- inorganic phosphate
Polysaccharide granules- consists of glycogen and starch
Lipid inclusions- storage of poly-ơ-hydroxybutyric acid
Sulfur granules- sulfur granules
Carboxysomes- inclusions of ribulose 1,5 diphosphate (nitrifying
bacteria)
Gas vacuoles- gases (usually aquatic organisms)
Magnetasomes- contains iron oxide
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Yemperature
pH
Substrate concentration
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rAD+-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
rADP+- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
FAD- flavin adenine dinucletide
FMr- flavin mononucleotide
CoA- plays a role in the synthesis and breakdown of
fats
Anaerobic respiration-fermentation
(without the use of oxygen)
Aerobic respiration-requires oxygen (final
acceptor)
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Light-independent
(Calvin-Benson Cycle)
Light-dependent
(photophosphorylation)
Cyclic
photophosphorylation
ron-cyclic
photophosphorylation
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Photoautotroph-use light as the main source of
energy and uses carbon dioxide as the main source
of carbon
Photoheterotrophs- uses light as a source of
energy, but cannot convert CO2 to sugar; they use
other organic material
Chemoautotrophs- uses electrons from reduced
inorganic compound as source of energy (also uses
CO2)
Chemoheterotrophs- uses electrons from hydrogen
atom as source
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