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South Asian (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Srilanka, Nepal), South East Asia (Thailand,
Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia) countries,
Indochina (Laos, Kampuchea and Vietnam)
and China is flooded with Sweatshops, ghetto
labour markets and stigmatised migrant
workers.
ASEAN countries have recently discussed
establishment of Special Economic Zones that
would ensure flexibalisation of the labour force
to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
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Dual Labour Markets- Primary Sector &
Secondary Sector
Primary Sector
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Secondary Sector
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STIGMATISED GROUPS are crowded into the 2ndary
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Sizeable section of the informal sector goods
and services are produced, frequently by
means of contracting and subcontracting,
which are paid for on piecework rather
than a time-rate basis.
Much of the economic activity in the informal
sector is founded on capital from the formal
sector and given the low cost of labour and
taxed minimally or not at all, return to
where it came from with tidy profit. v
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Primitive accumulation in its classical form
included plunder, slavery and colonialism,
while primitive accumulation in the
contemporary period includes sweat- shops,
labour concentration camps and
criminalisation of the working class.
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Ethnic & Communal Tensions
Co-existence of high wage islands in the sea of
pauperised working class has enhanced
human misery and social conflict in the
context of massive reduction in the welfare
budgets of the nation states in South Asia and
South East Asia.
With rising ethnic and communal tension
jeopardising economic activities, visible and
invisible activities of underground extra-legal
economy is displaying a tendency to expand.
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Dual Economy Model
INDIVIDUALS WITH SIMILAR
LEVELS OF EDUCATION &
SKILLS get differential wages due to
casualisation of the workforce.
Introduction of contract system in
public sector has institutionalised neo-
liberal dual economy model.
Racist Wage Policies m_
ob & Wage Discrimination
Immigrants face job discrimination in pre-
entry phase & wage discrimination in
post entry phase. They remain the first
to be fired and the last to be hired.
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Pre-capitalist Labour Relations
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GHETTO LABOUR
MARKETS
Burgeoning GHETTO LABOUR MARKETS are
perpetuating the law of jungle in the industrial
scenario. As a result a situation arises where legal
apartheid faced by micro-entrepreneurs at the foot of
the economy.
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Plight of the Poor
Segmentation begins in the rural areas
where the asset-less poor in the margin of
economy migrate to the cities.
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Globalisation has enhanced patriarchal
control over women¶s sexuality, fertility and
labour by superimposing commercial values
on the conventional values throughout the
world.
In response to imposition of structural
adjustment programmes and stabilization
policies at the behest of International
Monitory fund & World Bank, women¶s
movements across the national boundaries
have been debating various strategies and tactics
of transforming the Neo-liberal Development Paradigm. ``
Multi-faced tragedies due to
marketisation of poor economies and commercialisation
of human relations,
commodification of women¶s bodies especially in sexual
trafficking,
advertisements and beauty-contests promoted by the
Trans-national corporations (TNCs) and Multi-national
Corporations (MNCs),
starvation deaths in the rural areas,
havoc played by onslaught of new reproductive
technologies, of both pro and anti-natalist varieties, racist
population control policies, sex selective abortions of
female foetuses,
violating dignity and bodily integrity of women, armed
conflicts, `_
increasing economic disparity, the feminisation of poverty,
World Social Forum and Regional Social Fora have provided
democratic platforms for reflections on a just, sustainable & caring
Global Economy.
We should not forget that there is North in the South and there is
South in the North. So we must strive for global solidarity and
sisterhood of all women who are oppressed and exploited, degraded
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and dehumanised by the patriarchal class structure.
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This paper deals with issues and concerns relating to the following
economic rights of women:
ERA,Crèche, EGS
No skills training
Night work
Sexual harassment `v
Recommendations for Employment
Policy for Women¶s Employment
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Recommendations for strengthening the SHGs :
÷ Groups formed by experienced and trained NGOs or WDCs
should be given bank credit and loans.
÷ Nurturing grants be released at regular intervals after review
and grading.
÷ Pension-linked insurance scheme
÷ Banks to release loans after examining sustainability for 5 years
÷ subsidy be replaced by revolving fund
÷ MIS be expanded to collect data on training and capacity
building.
÷ state level agency to be appointed to train NGOs
÷ initiatives and training to bankers for improving programme
delivery mechanism
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Property and Land Rights
Need for a global campaign
gender bias in property laws. Need for gender-just
matrimonial home
As per the UN
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Recommendations
We must work with both tendencies, as the ultimate goals of both are
the same- social transformation for a just, fair and caring society.
Women¶s rights organisations and social action groups were the
most vociferous during the recently held Asia Social Forum against
Trans National Corporation and Multinational Corporation driven
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G.
Important issues for Global and local level
Advocacy to Empower Women:
We can see the human face of globalisation only when we are able to
reduce the North South Gap in the quality of life. Women decision-
makers across the globe must strive collectively and see to it that
resources and fruits of development and economic prosperity are
distributed justly among countries, within countries and among all
human beings thereby eliminating poverty.
To deal with this crucial task force, we will have to evolve high
levels of participatory democracy in governance so that we h_ can
Thank you
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