WELCOME TO OUR

COURSE!
CHRISTINE FAYE A. CALONIA, LPT
General Science Instructor
 CONTENT
-CELLS
-THE DNA MOLECULE
-NUCLEOTIDES
-CHROMOSOMES VS GENES
-DNA REPLICATION
-CELL CYCLE
 THE SIMILARITIES AND
DIFFERENCES OF
ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS
CELLS
• Cells are the basic units of function in all
living things.
• Cells in animals and plants have unique
forms that allow each to take part in
processes that are necessary for the cell
and or/living thing to survive.
TWO TYPES OF CELLS
COMPARISON
 EUKARYOTIC
CELLS
• Plant Cell
• Animal Cells
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL
NOW THAT YOU HAVE SEEN PICTURES
OF THE CELLS, EXACTLY WHAT ARE
THE ORGANELLES.
• What is an organelle?
• Organelles are to cells what organs are to the
body.
• They carry out the individual tasks of
gaining and working with energy, as well as
directing the overall behavior of the cells.
• Let’s familiarize with the organelles of the
animal and plant cell.
Organelles : Function :
Nucleus: Contains the DNA and RNA
and manufactures proteins

Nucleolus: In nuclei where ribosomes are

synthesized.

Nuclear Envelope: Membrane of lipids and

proteins that surrounds nucleus

Centrioles: structure that appears during

mitosis(cell division)
Mitochondria: Energy producers of the cell
Ribosomes: Produce proteins
More Organelles
ANIMAL CELL
ORGANELLES
FUNCTION
Golgi Bodies: Packages Proteins
Chloroplasts: Involved in photosynthesis
Vacuoles: Store waste, nutrients, and water
Lysosome: Contains digestive
enzymes, mostly in animal
cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Passageway that
transports proteins from the nucleus
Rough ER covered in ribosomes,
Smooth ER is not!
PLANT CELL
 WHILE NOT EXACTLY ORGANELLES,
THE FOLLOWING ARE IMPORTANT
PARTS OF THE CELLS:
• Cell membrane: Semi-permeable lining that surrounds the cell

• Cell Wall: Is a stiff non-living wall that surrounds the cell

membrane made of cellulose

• Cytoplasm: Jelly-like material surrounding the organelles

THERE ARE A FEW IMPORTANT
PROCESSES IN WHICH THE PLANT
AND ANIMAL CELL ENGAGES:

• Diffusion: How food, air, and

water gets in and out
of the cell.
• Cellular Respiration: How an animal cell
gets energy.
• Photosynthesis: How a plant cell gets
energy.
ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS HAVE
MANY SIMILARITIES. CAN YOU
WRITE THE ORGANELLES AND
CELL PARTS THEY BOTH HAVE IN
COMMON.
SIMILARITIES
• Both contain:
• Nucleus, Nuclear Envelope, Chromosomes-
which carry the genes or the DNA.
• Cytoplasm
• Mitochondria
• Cell membranes
• Any others?
ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS ARE
ALSO DIFFERENT. CAN YOU
EXPLAIN FOUR REASONS AS TO
HOW PLANT CELLS ARE
DIFFERENT FROM ANIMAL CELLS?
 DIFFERENCES
• Plant cells have non-living rigid cell walls.
• Plant cells contain chloroplasts which contain
chlorophyll, a green chemical needed for
photosynthesis.
• Plant cells contain a large vacuole; animal cells
never contain large vacuoles.
• Plant cells are regular in shape; animal cells are
irregular in shape.
END OF
DISCUSSION
 THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
GOD BLESS.

SEE YOU ON OUR NEXT

VIDEO LECTURE!
DNA Molecule
THE DNA MOLECULE
•Composed of 2 polymers of
nucleotides
•Polymers are oriented in antiparallel
•Molecule resembles a spiral
staircase of complementary base
pairs
NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE OF
DNA
• Each nucleotide of
DNA contains:
• Deoxyribose
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen base (either A,
G, C, T)
NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE
OF RNA
• Each nucleotide of RNA
contains:
• Ribose
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen base (either A,
G, C, U*)

*contains Uracil instead of

Thymine
DNA STRUCTURE
• “Double helix”
proposed by Watson
and Crick (1953)
• Antiparallel backbones
• Complementary base
pairing:
• Adenine to Thymine
• Cytosine to Guanine
DNA STRUCTURE
CHROMOSOMES VS GENES
• A chromosome constitutes
an entire DNA molecule +
protein
• Protein = histones
• Supercoiled DNA in
nucleosomes
• Humans contain 46 such
molecules (23 pairs)
• 44 somatic chromosomes
• 2 sex chromosomes (X +Y)
CHROMOSOMES VS GENES
• Genes constitute distinct
regions on the
chromosome
• Each gene codes for a
protein product
• DNA -> RNA-> protein
• Differences in proteins
brings about differences
between individuals and
species
HOW DO CHROMOSOMES BECOME DOUBLE
STRANDED?
ANSWER: DNA REPLICATION

• During the life of the

cell, each chromosome
of DNA makes a copy
of itself
• This must occur prior
to cell division to
insure each daughter
cell gets a complete set
THEREFORE, PRIOR TO DIVIDING,
ANY CELL MUST FIRST REPLICATE
DNA
• Each single-stranded (SS)
chromosome duplicates to
become a double-stranded
(DS) chromosome
• Example:
• A human cell is formed
with 46 SS chromosomes
• Each chromosome
replicates to produce 46 DS
chromosomes
DNA REPLICATION
DNA REPLICATION OCCURS
DURING THE LIFE OF A CELL =
THE CELL CYCLE

• DNA replicates (makes a copy of itself) to produce DS

chromosomes
• During this time, the cytoplasmic contents also duplicate
• Spindle tubules form to aid in the process of cell division
• Mitosis in body cells
• Meiosis in sex cells
THE CELL CYCLE
 THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
GOD BLESS

SEE YOU ON OUR NEXT

VIDEO LECTURE!