Bus Impedance Matrix(Zbus Matrix)

•The diagonal elements are short circuit driving point impedances and
off-diagonal elements are short circuit transfer admittances.
• Zbus is symmetric when is symmetric.
•Zbus is a full matrix.
•Zbus is used for symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis.

Two methods:
1. Bus building algorithm
2. L-U Factorization of Ybus
 Building Algorithm for Bus Impedance Matrix
Advantages:
• Any modification of the network does not require complete rebuilding
of Zbus.
• Easily computerized.
Assume a original matrix with n nodes. It is proposed to add new
elements, one at a time to this network and get the modified Z bus
matrix.
• Modification1: Add an element with impedance Z, connected
between the reference node and a new node (n+1).
• Modification2: Add an element, connected between an existing
node i and a new node n+i.
• Modification 3: Add an element, connected between an existing
node i and the reference node.
• Modification 4: Add an element connected between existing
nodes i and j.
Rule 1: Add an element with impedance Z, connected between
the reference node and a new node (n+1)
• Consider an impedance Z is connected between the reference
node and the new node (n+1). The addition of a bus will
increase the order of the bus impedance matrix by one. The
modified Zbus matrix is given by,
Rule 2: Add an element with impedance Z, connected between an
existing node i and a new node (n+1).
• Consider an impedance Z is connected between the existing
node i and the new node (n+1). The addition of a bus will
increase the order of the bus impedance matrix by one. The
modified Zbus matrix is given by,

• Where,
Zi is the ith column of Zbus
ZiT is the transpose of Zi
Rule 3: Add an element with impedance Z, connected between an existing node i
and the reference node.

• The first step is to add an element in between the existing node i and a
fictitious node (n+1) and obtain the modified matrix of dimension (n+1)*(n+1).
• The second step is connect the fictitious node (n+1) by zero matrix link to the
reference node whose voltage is zero.
• To obtain the new modified matrix of dimension n*n by applying Kron’s
reduction to the last row and column using the relation,

• Size of the matrix will not change because of no new node added
Rule 4: Add an element with impedance Z, connected
between existing nodes i and j.
• Connect an element Z, connected between two existing buses (i
and j), the new modified matrix is given by,

• Now the size of the matrix becomes (n+1)*(n+1). To obtain the

new modified matrix of dimension n*n by applying Kron’s
reduction to the last row and column using,
Determine Zbus using bus building algorithm by adding the lines as
per increasing element order. The reactance diagram of the system
is shown in fig.
Step 1: Add an element j0.1 between ref node and node(1)

Step 2: Add an element between the existing node

(1) and new node (2)
Step 3: Add an element j1.25 between existing node(2) and ref.,

Fictitious node can be eliminated using

J, k =1,2 n=3
Step 4 : Add an element j0.08 between existing node(2) and new
node (3)
Determine the Zbus Matrix for the system shown in below.
Where the impedances are in p.u.
Step 1: Add an element j0.05 between ref node and node(1)

Step 2: Add an element j0.02 between the existing node

(1) and new node (2)

J0.05+j0.02
Step 3: Add an element j0.04 between the existing
node(2) and new node (3)

J0.07+j0.04
Step 4: Add an element between j0.02 the existing
node(3) and reference node.

J0.11+j0.02
Fictitious node can be eliminated by reduction technique
Step 5: Add an element j0.15 between two existing nodes (1) and (3)
Rule 4 the elements of 4th column and row can
Be obtained by subtracting the corresponding
1st and 3rd row and column
C1 - C3

R1 - R3
Fictitious node can be eliminated by reduction technique
Determine Zbus for the network shown, where the impedances
labelled are shown in p.u.

Step 1:
Step 2:

Step 3:
Step 4:
Fictitious node can be eliminated by reduction technique
Step 5:
Step 5:
Fault analysis using Z-bus Matrix:
 Start
Read the line data, bus data, fault bus,
sub-transient reactance of each machine

Assume prefault load currents, shunt elements in

transformer, transformer taps, shunt capacitance, series
capacitance, series resistance of lines are neglected

Draw the prefault per phase network obtain Zbus matrix using bus
building algorithm

Obtain prefault bus voltages from power flow equation

Vbus0 =
 Draw the thevenin’s equivalent circuit and obtain If

Compute change in bus voltages using network equation

Compute change in bus voltages using network equation,

 Post fault line currents

Print If , Post fault voltages, post fault

line currents, etc.,

Stop
Method II