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Henri Becquerel
1896 - Discovers
natural radioactivity
FYI: Historical Perspective
226
88 Ra 222
86 Rn
or
226
88 Ra 222
86 Rn He
4
2
+ +
12
5 B C
12
6
or
12
5 B C e
12
6
0
1
Gamma Radiation
60
27 Co Co
60
27
Nuclear Fission & Fusion
FISSION: a heavy nucleus splits into 2
lighter nuclei
(Hiroshima)
no air pollution
enormous amt. of energy released
alternative to using our rapidly decreasing
fossil fuels
CONS OF NUCLEAR ENERGY
PROS:
– A very abundant supply of energy world wide.
– Environmentally clean
– No creation of weapon materials
– No chance of runaway reactions leading to
accidents
CONS:
– It doesn’t work; at least not yet…
Nuclear Fusion
Obstacles…
– HOT – plasma at least 100 million C
– High density plasma
– Containment of plasma
– Confinement time
Rates of Decay & Half Life
Radionuclides have
different stabilities and
decay at different rates.
Integrated Rate Equation
A kt
log
A 2.303
where…
A = the amt. of decaying sample remaining at
some time, t
Ao= the amt. of sample present at the beginning
k = rate constant; different for each radionuclide
t = time
Integrated Rate Equation
OR…
N kt
log
N 2.303
where…
N = # of disintegrations per unit of time; relative activity
No= original activity
HALF-LIFE= the amount of time required for
half of the original sample to decay
Half Life
120
100
80
Amount
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time
HALF-LIFE= the amount of time required for
half of the original sample to decay
250
Daughter
200
150
Time
100
Parent
50
0
0 5 10 15 20
Amount
HALF-LIFE
0.693
k
t1
2
Example: Cobalt-60 decays with the emission of beta
particles and gamma rays, with a half-life of 5.27 years.
How much of a 3.42 g of cobalt-60 remains after 30.0 years?
0.693
k 0.1315 yr -1
5.27 years
A kt
log
A 2.303
-1
3.42g (0.1315yr )(30.0yrs)
log
A 2.303
3.42g
log 1.713 How do you solve for A???
A
Take the ANTILOG
(10x) of both sides.
Example: Cobalt-60 decays with the emission of beta
particles and gamma rays, with a half-life of 5.27 years.
How much of a 3.42 g of cobalt-60 remains after 30.0
years?
3.42 g
3.42g log
antilog log antilog1.713 OR 10 A
101.713
A
3.42g
101.713
A
3.42g 51.6 A
3.42g
A
51.6
A 0.0662g
Uses of Radionuclides
0.693
k 0.00012094yr -1
5730 years
N kt
log N .636N
N 2.303
N (0.00012094yr-1 )(t)
log
.636N 2.303
1 -5 -1
log (5.25x10 yr )(t)
.636
Example: A piece of wood taken from a cave dwelling in
New Mexico is found to have a carbon-14 activity (per
gram of carbon) only 0.636 times that of wood today.
Estimate the age of the wood. (The half-life of carbon-14
is 5730 years.)
1 -5 -1
log (5.25x10 yr )(t)
.636
238 g/mol U
1.22 mg Pb x 1.41 mg U - 238 have decayed
206 g/mol Pb
0.693
k 1.54 x 10 -10 yr -1
4.51 x 10 9 yrs
Example: A sample of uranium ore is found to contain
4.64 mg of uranium-238 and 1.22 mg of lead-206.
Estimate the age of the ore.
A kt
log
A 2.303