What is internet?

• The internet is a global network of networks

connecting millions of users world wide via many
computer networks using a sample standard
common addressing system and communication
protocol called TCP/IP (transmission control
protocol internet) this include federal
networks,regional networks, educational and some
foreign networks. The connection between the
different networks is called “gateways” this
gateway serves to transfer electronics data
worldwide.
 Uses of internet
• Research
• Academic
• Retrieval information
• Communication
• Conduct a vast array of services and
resources online.
• The primary use of internet is the electronic
mail (E-mail).
• Internet also offers:
– Chat groups
– The www
– Email – email list
– Bulletin boards and newsgroup
– Remote computer access (telnet)
– A file transfer (using ftp, or file transfer,
protocol)
 Recent developments:
• Book and magazine publishing
• Video conferencing
• Audio broadcasts
• Amateur radio
• Cable
• Spread spectrum radio
• Satellite
• Network games
• Network monetary transactions
• Virtual machines
 TCP/IP
• The communications protocol used to route
the packets across the internet is TCP/IP.
Use of this standard protocol enables
computer using different operating systems
to communicate with each other. DOS-
based PCs, PC using MS WINDOWS ®,
Mac OS etc.
 Client /server
• Once you connect to the internet, you interact with
other computers using client /server model.
• Server- is the computer system that contains
information as electronic mail, database
information, or text file.
• As a customer or a client, or “clients,” you access
those resources via client programs application
which use TCP/IP to deliver the information to
your screen in the appropriate format for your
computer
 ORGANISATIONS
• NSF
• The national science foundation
• -maintains the backbone of the network
• IAB
• Internet Architecture board
• governs the the developments of internet
protocol.
• Internic
• Internet Network information centre
• Administers the naming of computers and
networks.
• ISOC:
• Internet society
• Is a voluntary membership organization whose
purpose is to promote global information
exchange through internet technology?
• Standards:
• The internet is made possible through creation
testing and implementation of internet standards.
• Developed by the internet Engineering Task
Force.
 THE WEB
• The World Wide Web is a system of
internet servers that supports hypertext to
access several internet protocols on a single
interface.
• Internet protocols
• Are sets of rules that allow for intermeshing
communication on the internet?
 MAJOR PROTOCOLS:
• E-MAIL (simple mail Transport Protocol)
SMTP
• -distributes electronics messages and files
to one or more electronics’ mailboxes.
• EMAIL-is an electronic mail message sent
from one computer to another.
• Telnet (Telnet protocol)
• facilitate login to a computer host to
execute commands in a remote area.
• FTP (File transfer protocol)
• Transfer text or binary files between an FTP
server and client.
• FTP client software allows you to transfer files
between your hard drive and a remote server. for
instance you could put your personal home page
up on the web by transferring files from your hard
drive to a web server or you can download
programs from your favorite shareware site fast.
• With FTP you can download large files and
resume transfer after a disconnection where
you left off, saving time “read saving
money”
• Usenet (Network News Transfer Protocol or
NNTP)
• Distributes Usenet menus articles derived
from topical discussions in newsgroup.
• HTTP(Hypertext transfer protocol)
• Transmits Hypertext over networks. This is
the protocol of the WWW
• HYPERTEXT:
• Is a document containing words that
connect to other document? These words
are called links and are selectable by the
user. A single hypertext document can
contain link to many documents.
 Pages on the Web
• The worldwide web consists of files, called
pages, containing information and links to
resources throughout the internet. Web
pages can be created by user activity for
example, if you visit a web search engine
and enter keywords in the topics of your
choice, a page will be created containing
the results of your search
 Access to web pages may be
accomplished by
• Entering an internet address and retrieving a
page directly.
• Browsing through pages and selecting links
to move from one page to another.
• Searching through subject’s direct force
linked to organized collection of web pages.
• Entering a search statement at a search
engine to retrieve pages on the topic of your
choice
 Retrieving documents from the
Web: URL
• URL; uniform resource locater
• The URL specifies the internet address of a file
stored on a host computer connected to the internet.
• Every file on the internet, no matter what its access
protocol, has a unique URL.
• Web software programs use the URL to retrieve the
file from host computer and the directory in which
it resides
• URLs are translated into numeric system
addressees using the internet domain name
system (DNS). The numeric address is
actually the “Real” URL.
 URL:
• Protocol; //host/path//filename
• http:www.house.gov/agriculture/schedule.htm
• Structure of a URL
• Protocol: http
• Host computer name: www
• Second level domain name: house
• Top level domain name: gov
• Directory name: Agriculture
• File name: schedule.htm
• Other examples
• telnet://opac.albany.edu
• ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/picasso
 WEB BROWSER:
• Is a software program that allows users to
access and navigate the World Wide Web. A
browser is a client program (application)
that is used to search thorough information
that is provided by a specific type of server.
• There are two types of browsers.
– Graphical
– Text
• GRAPHICAL.
– Text, images, audio and video are
retrievable through a graphical software
program such as
• Netscape navigator
• Internet explorer
• firebox
• TEXT.
• LYNX is a browser that provides access to
the web in text only mode. Navigation is
accomplished by highlighting emphasized
words on the screen with the arrow up and
down keys and then pressing the forward
arrow (oriented) follow it the rule
 Plug-in
• Extends the browser.
• Are programs configured to the web
browser in order to enhance its
capabilities.sound, video files are handled
by plug-in
 Active X
• Active X offers the opportunities to embed
animated objects and computer code on
web pages.
• Active x allows users to view in a three
dimension VRML worlds in a web browser
without the use of a VRML plug-in
• You can view and edit power point
presentation directly within your web
browser.
 HTML
• Hypertext Markup languages
• Is a very simple language used to
“describe” the logical structure of a
document, it can describe which text the
browser should emphasize, which text
should be considered body text versus
header text and so fort.
 Attribute
• Define by the tags, an attribute value e.g.
Align=”left” is added to the HTML
 Web based search engines
• A web based engine service consist of three
components
• Robot/spider-program that traverse the web
from link to, identifying and reading pages.
• Index. Database containing a copy of each web
page gathered by the spider.
• Search engine mechanism; software that
enables uses to query index and that usually
returns result in term of relevancy ranked
order.
 Examples of web based search
engines
• google
• Lycos
• Alta Vista
• info seek
• excite
• hotbot
 Search engines differ from one
another because
• Extend of the web covered by the search engine
robot
• Frequency with which the search engine robot
used a web site
• The logical search engine user in deciding whether
a particular document should be returned in
expenses to a search
• The extent to which a search can be defined and
returned
• The kind of documents (HTML, multimedia etc
about which the robot collects information.
 Types of search engines
• general purpose
• Special purpose-retrieve information from
database in a particular field such as medical
information or articles or one publication.
• Meta search:
• Meta search engines do not build a database of
their own. They submit the search simultaneously
to multiple search engines and they ref
 Other uses of a web robot.
• Validating HTML document
• Validating hypertext links in HTML links
• Copying HTML documents
 The deep web
• Or invisible web refers to the content that is
stored in database accessible on the web but
not available via search engines-invisible to
the search engines.
• Spider /robot cannot or will not enter into
database and extract the contents from them
as they can from static web pages.
 Sending and receiving Email.
• To receive e-mail, you must have an
account on mail server. You can retrieve
your email from any location. Once you
connect to your mail server, you download
your messages to your computer from the
internet and access to email server that your
forward you mail. The standard protocol of
sending mail is.
 MIME-multipurpose internet
mail extension encoding
• Used to send formatted documents photos,
sound and video files to people who have
software capable of decoding it.
 Email reflector.
• Is a program that acts as the forwarding
broadcaster for email messages to the
names of a distribution list.
• IMAP-internet messages access protocol
provides the user more capabilities for
retaining email on the server and for
organizing it in folders on the server.
 Email clients:
• Once an email is received, to work at them
many people use well known stand alone
client like Microsoft outlook, outlook
express, and eudira in
• An email client generally does four things.
• Shows you a list of message in your mail box
by displaying messages headers who send,
subject of the mail, time etc
• Lets you select a message header and read
the body of email messages
• It lets you create new messages and send
them
• Most email clients also let you add
attachment to messages you send and serve
the attachment.