LESSON 2:

DEVELOPING THE
WHOLE PERSON
“PERHAPS WE SHALL LEARN, AS WE PASS THROUGH THIS AGE, THAT THE
‘OTHER SELF IS MORE POWERFUL THAN THE PHYSICAL SELF WE SEE WHEN
WE LOOK INTO A MIRROR.”
– NAPOLEON HILL
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE A WHOLE PERSON?

You are a whole person with unique

physical, social, emotional, spiritual,
intellectual needs and experiences.
 PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Refers to physical changes in the

body as well as the senses and
changes in skills related to
movement.
 PHYSICAL CHANGES DURING
ADOLESCENSE

Girls might start to see early physical

changes from about 10-11 years, but
they might start as young as 8 years or
as 13 years.
 PHYSICAL CHANGES DURING
ADOLESCENSE

The physical changes that occur to

boys usually start around 11 or 12
years, but they might start as young as
9 years or as old as 14 years.
OTHER PHYSICAL CHANGES: INSIDE
AND OUT

1. BRAIN
You begin to develop an improved
self-control and skills in planning,
problem-solving and decision making.
OTHER PHYSICAL CHANGES: INSIDE
AND OUT

2. BONES, ORGANS AND BODY

SYSTEMS
Your organs change in size and
capacity as well.
OTHER PHYSICAL CHANGES: INSIDE
AND OUT

3. CLUMSINESS AND COORDINATION

Your growth during this period is so fast that
your centres of gravity change and your brains
might take a while to adjust at times which
might affect your sense of balance.
OTHER PHYSICAL CHANGES: INSIDE
AND OUT

4. PHYSICAL STRENGTH AND SPORTS

SKILLS
Muscle strength and size increase during this
period.
 JEAN PIAGET’S COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Jean Piaget (1896-1980) outlined specific stages of mental

growth in children and adolescents.

Curiosity begins – they start realizing how things work and

operate. Note that childhood is considered as the exploration
age. It is the time in our life when we gain an understanding
of the world around us.
 PREOPERATIONAL STAGE

The first stage occurs between the ages of two and seven
wherein mental representations for objects are essential.

There two sub-stages in this preoperational stage: the

symbolic function and the intuitive thought.
 PREOPERATIONAL STAGE

Stage 1: Symbolic Function

Symbolic function refers to the use of mental
representations for imagination which takes place between
the ages of two and four.
Also present during this stage is what Piaget referred to as
egocentrism.
 PREOPERATIONAL STAGE

Stage 2: Intuitive though

Intuitive thought refers to a growth in curiosity and basic
reasoning which takes place between the ages of four and
seven.
 CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE

This is the stage o in our life when we began to think

logically about objects and incidents which take place
between the ages of seven and eleven.
According to a Piaget, conservation is one of the ways to
think logically – it is an understanding that quantities do not
change when the appearance is altered.
 FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE

We are now in this stage of development when we begin to

think in a more complex manner. Our thoughts become
more abstract and more detailed.
 LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S THEORY
ON MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987), developed three levels with

six stages to reflect our progression through moral development.
These levels and stages describe how our ideas of right and
wrong change as we grow.
Moral Development refers to ‘ways we distinguish right from
wrong as we grow and mature. Generally, the moral
development of young children differs to a great extent form that
of adults.
 LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S THEORY
ON MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Scenario 1
Your daughter is very sick and you do not have the money to get her to hospital
for medical treatment. You went to everyone you knew to borrow money and
tried every legal means, but you could only get as little as P10,000. You tried
asking the people in the hospital if they could help you get a discount or maybe
allow you to pay later on but the hospital refused.
Should you rob a jewelry store to save your daughter? Why or why not?
 LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S THEORY
ON MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Scenario 2
You broke into a jewelry store and stole all the diamonds and expensive
accessories that you can get. The next day, the news headline everywhere was
about the robbery. Your friend, who is also a police officer remembered seeing
you last night around the jewelry store, behaving suspiciously. Later that
night, he saw you running away from the jewelry store.
Should your friend report what he saw? Why or why not?
 LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S THEORY
ON MORAL DEVELOPMENT

Scenario 3
Your friend, the police, reported what he saw. You got arrested and brought to
court. If you get convicted, you will face up to five-years jail time.
Unfortunately, you were found guilty.
Should the judge sentence you prison? Why or why not?
 STAGES OF MORAL REASONING

Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality

Stage 1: Punishment-Obedience Orientation
Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
Level 2: Conventional Morality
Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation
Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
Level 3: Social Contact Orientation
Stage 5: Social Contact Orientation
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
 ALBERT BANDURA’S THEORY OF
SOCIAL LEARNING

Albert Bandura believes that one’s environment

influences one’s behavior – people learn by watching what
others do and will not do. Because of this, Bandura
proposed his theory of learning called the social learning
theory which focused on how to aggressive behaviour
develops in children.
 THREE CORE CONCEPTS

1. People can learn through observation.

Observational Learning or modelling
2. Mental states are important to learning.
Intrinsic Reinforcement
3. Learning does not necessarily lead to a change in
behaviour.
 MODELING PROCESS

1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Reproduction
4. Motivation
 FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT THEORY

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the father of Psychoanalysis

and the father of Modern Psychology, is probably the most
well-known theorist when it comes to the development of
one’s personality.
 FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT THEORY

1. The Oral Stage

Age Range: Birth to 1 year
Erogenous Zone: Mouth
 FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT THEORY

2. The Anal Stage

Age Range: 1 to 3 years
Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder
Control
 FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT THEORY

3. The Phallic Stage

Age Range: 3 to 6 years
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
 FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT THEORY

4. The Latent Period

Age Range: 6 to Puberty
Erogenous Zone: Sexual Feelings Are
Inactive
 FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT THEORY

5. The Genital Stage

Age Range: Puberty to Death
Erogenous Zone: Maturing Sexual
Interests
 ERIK ERIKSON’S DEVELOPMENT
THEORY

Erik Erikson (1902-1994) has contributed to the field of

psychology with his Psychosocial Developmental Theory.
 ERIK ERIKSON’S DEVELOPMENT
THEORY

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (from birth to 1 year old)

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (from 1 to 3 years old)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (from 3 to 6 years old)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (from 6 to 12 years old)
5. Identity vs. Confusion (12 to 18 years old)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (18 to 40 years old)
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40 t0 65 years old)
8. Integrity vs. Despair (65 years old onwards)