HISTORY OF CRIMINAL

INVESTIGATION
• 1720s, ENGLAND: - JONATHAN WILD He was a
buckle maker then a brothel operator; a master
criminal who became London’s most effective
criminal investigator. He was the most famous
THIEF-CATCHER in 1720s. His methods or
techniques made popular the logic of EMPLOYING
A THIEF TO CATCH A THIEF. He conceived the idea
of charging a fee for locating and returning stolen
property to its rightful owners.
• 1750s, ENGLAND: - HENRY FIELDING An Englishman
who wrote a novel entitled “Tom Jones” and was
appointed as magistrate (sheriff) for the areas of
Westminster and Middle Age, London. He was the
creator of the BOW STREET RUNNERS while he was
the magistrate; he formed a group of police officers
attached to the Bow Street Court, and not in
uniform, performing criminal investigative functions.
•  
• 1753, ENGLAND: - SIR JOHN FIELDING The younger
brother of Henry Fielding who took over the
control of Bow Street Court in 1753. His
investigators were then called Bow Street Runners
and became quite effective because of his personal
guidance despite the fact that he was blind. He
introduced the practice of developing paid
informants, printing wanted notices, employing
criminal raids, and bearing firearms and handcuffs.
• 1759, USA: The US CONGRESS created the
office of the GENERAL AND REVENUE CUTTER
SERVICE. This is the first organized federal law
enforcement and investigative effort made by
the US government.
• 1800, LONDON: - PATRICK COLQUHOUN A
prominent London president who proposed
the unique idea of creating sizeable uniformed
force to police the city of London in order to
remedy the public outcry concerning the
alarming increase of criminality during the
early 1800s. His proposal was considered too
radical and was dismissed by the Royal Court.
• 1811, FRANCE: - EUGENE ‘Francois” VIDOCQ He was a criminal
who turned Paris Investigator. He is a former convict who
became a notorious thief-catcher in France. He is credited as the
founder of LA SURETE, France’s national detective organization.
He made popular the concept of “SET A THIEF TO CATCH A
THIEF”. He introduced the concept of ‘TRADE PROTECTION
SOCIETY’, which is a forerunner of our present-day credit card
system. For a fee, any owner of a shop or business
establishment could obtain particulars concerning the financial
solvency of new customers. He created a squad of ex-convicts to
aid the Paris police in crime investigation.
 
• 1829, LONDON: - SIR ROBERT PEEL The founder and chief
organizer of the London Metropolitan Police – the
SCOTLAND YARD. He reiterated the idea of creating
sizeable police force in his recommendations, which lead
to the passage of the Metropolitan Police Act. This act had
a tremendous impact on the history of criminal justice in
general, and on the development of criminal investigation
specifically. He introduced the techniques of detecting
crimes such as: detectives concealing themselves, and
secretly photographing and recording conversations.
•  
• 1833, ENGLAND: The Scotland Yard employed the first undercover officer while
in
 
• USA: First daytime paid police department was established in Philadelphia, USA.
 
• 1835, USA: TEXAS RANGERS was organized as the first law enforcement agency
with state wide investigative authority, the forerunner of the Federal Bureau of
Investigation.
 
• 1839: - The birth year of Photography. WILLIAM HENRY FOX TALBOT explained
a photographic process he had invented to the Royal Society of London.
 
• JACQUES MANDE DAGUERRE gave a public demonstration in Paris
of his discovery - a photographic process he developed in
collaboration with NICEPHORE NIEPCE.
• 1842: Scotland Yard created the first FULL-TIME INVESTIGATIVE,
which is a forerunner to the Criminal Investigation Division of
Scotland Yard.
 
• 1851, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, USA: Multi-suspect ID LINE-UP is
employed in the first time.
 
• 1852, USA: - CHARLES DICKENS - Through his story entitled BLEAK
HOUSE, he introduced the term DETECTIVE to the English language.
• 1852, USA: - ALLAN PINKERTON - America’s most famous private
investigator and founder of Criminal Investigation in USA. He
established the practice of handwriting examination in American
courts and promoted a plan to centralize criminal identification
records.
 
• 1856, USA: - KATE WAYNE: The first woman detective in the history of
criminal investigation, hired by the Pinkerton Agency.
 
• 1859, USA: Appellate courts recognized/accepted photographs as
admissible evidences when they are relevant and properly verified.
 
• 1865, USA: US SECRET SERVICE was founded to investigate
counterfeiting activity in post-civil war America.
 
• 1866, USA: - INSPECTOR THOMAS BYRNES: A New York Chief of
Detectives introduced the MODUS OPERANDI FILE.
• 1866, Liberty, Missouri, USA: The JESSE JAMES GANG
made the first bank hold-up which mark the beginning of
the gang’s 15-year hold-up and robbery spree (12 bank
hold-ups and 12 train stage coach robberies in 11 states).
Clay County Savings Association was their first victim and
their take was $ 60,000.00.
 
• 1877, ENGLAND: - HOWARD VINCENT: Headed the newly
organized CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION DEPARTMENT in
Scotland Yard.
 
• 1882, FRANCE: - ALPHONSE BERTILLON: A French Police Clerk who
introduced and established the first systematic identification system
based on ANTHROPOMETRICAL SIGNALMENT (or Anthropometry) he
is considered as the FOUNDER OF CRIMINAL IDENTIFICATION.
 
• 1884, CHICAGO, USA: The Chicago Police Department established the
first American Criminal Identification Bureau.
 
• 1887, DR. ARTHUR CONAN LYLE: He popularized the Scientific
Criminal Investigation by creating the fictional detective SHERLOCK
HOLMES and his friend Dr. WATSON. Holmes was featured in 6 short
stories and 4 novels.
• 1892, ENGLAND: - FRANCIS GALTON: An Englishman who
published his study on classifying fingerprints. While other
scientists were studying fingerprints in their biological
nature, Galton recognized their uniqueness and
potentiality/significance in criminal identification.
 
• 1893, GERMANY: - HANS GROSS: An Englishman who
published a handbook for Examining Magistrates in
Munich, Germany and advocated the use of scientific
methods in criminal investigation process.
 
• 1948, ABERDEEN, SCOTLAND: A new concept was introduced in the
field of criminal investigation. This is known as TEAM POLICING. In
team policing, there is no patrol division or criminal investigation per
se. In this system, a team of police officers is assigned to patrol and
investigate all criminal matters within their area of jurisdiction or
district. Team policing required that police officers who respond to a
call regarding a criminal case should investigate the case to its
conclusion.
 
• 1954,USA: - Dr. PAUL KIRK: Best known American criminalist who
headed the Department of Criminalistics as the University of
California, USA.
 
• 1961,USA: - Mapp vs. Ohio (376 vs. 584): The Supreme Court
ruled the illegally obtained evidence is inadmissible in state
criminal prosecutions.
 
• 1965, USA: Office of Law Enforcement Assistance (forerunner of
the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration – LEAA) was
established to fund and coordinate administration, research and
training in criminal justice.
 
• 1966, USA: - MIRANDA vs. ARIZONA (384 vs. 436): The US
Supreme Court established procedural guidelines for taking
criminal confessions.
 DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINE SETTING

• 1712. CARABINEROS DE SEGURIDAD PUBLICO: Organized for the purpose of

carrying out the policies or regulations of the Spanish government. The
members were armed and considered as the mounted police. Later, they
discharge the duties of a part, harbor, and a river police.
 
• 1836. GUARDRILLEROS: A body of rural police organized in each town, which
was established by the Royal Decree of January 8, 1836. This police force was
composed of 5% of the able-bodied inhabitants in each town or province, and
each member will serve for at least 3 years.
 
• 1852. GUARDIA CIVIL: An organization created by the Royal Decree issued by
the Spanish Crown Government on February 12, 1852. It relieved the Spanish
Peninsular Troops of their works in policing towns. It consisted of a body of
Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the provincial capitals of the
Central provinces of Luzon under the command of Alcalde (Governor).
• NOV. 30, 1980. INSULAR POLICE FORCE: Established during the Filipino-American
War (1898-1901) upon the recommendation of the American Commission to the
Secretary of War.
 
• JULY 18, 1901. ACT # 175: The act establishing the Insular Police Force which was
titled as “AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE ORGANIZATION AND GOVERNMENT OF AN
INSULAR CONSTABULARY”. The organic act creating the Philippine Constabulary.
 
• OCT. 3, 1901. ACT # 255: The law which established the Philippine Constabulary
 
• REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE OF 1917, Section 825: The law stated that the
Philippine Constabulary is a national Police Institution for preserving the peace,
keeping the order and enforcing the law.
 
• SEPT. 8, 1966. RA # 4864. (Law co-authored by Rep. Teudolo Natividad): The
law otherwise known as the POLICE ACT OF 1966, It created the Office of the
Police Commission which was later called National Police Commission
(NAPOLCOM). In its inception, the Police Commission was under the Office of
the President. It was created as the supervisory agency to oversee the
training and professionalization of the local police forces. Through this law,
reformation and professionalization of the police service gained official
recognition.
 
• AUG. 8, 1975. PD#765: The law which stipulated that the office of the
NAPOLCOM was under the office of the Ministry of the National Defense. It
defined also the relationship between the Integrated National Police and the
Philippine Constabulary. This is in compliance with the provisions of Section
12, Article 15 of the 1973 Philippine Constitution.
 
• 1935 PHILIPPINE CONTITUTION, Article III,
Section 17 (1) - The law provides that:” In all
criminal prosecutors, the accused shall….
Enjoy the right to be heard by himself and
counsel……”. Criminal prosecution was
however interpreted by the court in US vs.
Beechman (25 Phil 25,1972) to mean the
proceeding at the trial court from arraignment
to rendition of judgment.
• 1973 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION, Article III, Section 20
•  
• “No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Any person
under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to
remain silent and to counsel, and to be informed of such right. No force,
violence, threat, intimidation nor any means, which vitiate the free will, shall
be used against him. Any confession obtained in the violation of this section
shall be inadmissible as evidence.
•  
• The warning of the right to remain silent must be accompanied by the
explanation that anything said can and will be used against the individual in
court. This warning is needed in order to make him aware not only of the
privilege, but also of the consequences of forgetting it. (People vs. Duero, 104
SCRA 379, 1981)
1983 – MORALES vs. JUAN PONCE ENRILE (GR#61016-17; April
26,1983; SCRA 538)
 
The ruling in this case makes it clear that the MIRANDA WARNING as
it is generally called have to be made so that a confession can be
admitted. Therefore, while upon police custody for investigation,
the accused must be appraised of his:
• Right to remain silent with explanation that anything that he might
say maybe used against him in the court of the law;
• Right to talk to a lawyer, a relative, or a friend, and have a lawyer
ready and a friend present while he is being questioned; and
• Right to the appointment of a lawyer if he cannot afford one.
• 1985 – PEOPLE vs. GALIT (GR#51770;March 20,1985) - The right to a counsel
maybe waived but the waiver, to be valid, must be made with assistance of a
counsel.
•  
• 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION, Article III, Section 12 (1) - “Any person under
investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed
of his right to remain silent and to have a competent and independent counsel
preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of a counsel,
he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing
and in the presence of a counsel.
•  
• Article XVI, Section 5(4) - “No member of the armed forces in the active services
shall, at any time, be appointed for designated in any capacity to a civilian
position in the Government including government owned or controlled
corporation, or any of their subsidiaries.”
• Article XVI, Section 6 - “The State establish and maintain
one police force, which shall be national in scope and civilian
in character, to be administered and controlled by a National
Police Commission. The authority of local executives over
the police units in their jurisdiction shall be provided by law.”
 
• 1990, RA 6975 - DILG ACT, Philippine National Police (PNP)
together with BFP and BJMP organization
 
• 1998, RA 8551 – PNP Reform and Reorganization Act
• END..