Lecture No: 1

Introduction of Subject
&
Block Diagram of Computer

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 Introduction of ‘C’ Language
• C was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at
AT&T Bell Laboratories, USA.
• C was initially developed for writing system
software.
• Today, C has become a popular language and
various software are written using this
language.
• Many other programming languages such as
C++ and Java are also based on C.
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Development of ‘C’ Language

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 Characteristics of ‘C’ Language

• A high level programming language.

• Easy to learn (only 32 keywords).
• Makes extensive use of function calls
• Structured programming language.
• Sometimes called as middle level language
too as it facilitates low level (bitwise)
programming.

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 Uses of ‘C’ Language
• C language is mainly used for system
programming due to its portability,
efficiency and ability to access specific
hardware addresses.
• It is also used for implementing operating
systems and embedded system applications,
compilers, and interpreters.
• It is also used to implement end-user
applications.
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What is Computer?

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 What is Computer?
• A Computer is an electronic device that takes
input (data), processes that input with the help of
stored set of instructions known as program and
gives us the output (information).
– A computer can accept an alphanumeric input,
remembers the input by storing it in memory
and gives the result after performing the
arithmetic or logical operations as output
information.
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Hardware Components

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 Input Devices
• The data and instructions are typed, submitted,
Or transmitted to a computer through input
devices. Most common input devices are :
– Keyboard: Keyboard is like a type-writer. A
keyboard, normally, consists of 104 keys.
– Mouse: A mouse is the pointing device
attached to a computer. It is used to move the
cursor around the screen and to point to an
object.
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 Input Devices
– Scanner : A scanner is a device that
captures pictures or documents so that they
can be stored in storage devices, seen on the
video screen, modified suitably, transported
to other computers, or printed on a printer.

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 Output Devices
Output devices mirror the input data, or show the
output results of the operations on the input data or
print the data.

– The most common output device is monitor or

visual display unit.
– The printer is used to print the result. A hard copy
refers to a printout showing the information.
– On the other hand soft copy means information
stored on a storage device.
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 Output Devices
 Monitor :
◦ Computer display devices are commonly known as
Visual Display Unit (VDU) or monitor.
◦ Various technologies have been used for computer
monitors. CRT (Cathode-ray tube) and LCD (liquid
crystal display) monitors are the two common types
which are widely used.

 Printer :
◦ The printer is a device that prints any data, report,
document, picture, diagrams, etc. 12
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Central Processing Unit or CPU can be
thought of as the brain of the computer.
 Most of the processing takes place in CPU.
During processing, it locates and executes
the program instructions.
 It also fetches data from memory and
input/output devices and sends data back.

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 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
– Registers : These are high-speed storage
devices. In most CPUs, some registers are
reserved for special purposes.
– Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) : It is the part of
the CPU that performs arithmetic operations as
well as logical operations.
– Control unit (CU): The control unit coordinates
the processing by controlling the transfer of data
and instructions between main memory and the
registers in the CPU.
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