EE-308801

Lecture No 05
Electrical Machines
Text Book: Chapter 02 (Stephen J. Chapman 4 th Ed)

2.2 Types and Construction of Transformers Page 66

2.3 The Ideal Transformer Page 68

Instructor: Warda Saeed

Class: EE-17 A/B
Electrical Engineering Department
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 Chapter Topics to be Covered
1. Introduction
2. Types and Construction of Transformers.
3. The Ideal Transformer
4. Theory of Operation of Real Single Phase Transformer
5. The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer
6. Transformer Voltage Regulation and Efficiency
7. Transformer Taps and Voltage Regulation
8. The Autotransformer
9. Three Phase Transformers

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 Introduction to Transformers
• A transformer is a device that changes ac
electric power from one voltage level to
another voltage level through the action of
magnetic field. The transformer has two
windings:
i. Primary winding: The winding connected to the
power source is called the primary winding.
ii.Secondary winding: The winding connected to
the load is called secondary winding.
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Types of Transformers w. r. t. Core
Design
With respect to the core of the
transformer there are two types of the
transformers:

1) Core type transformer:

Winding wrapped around
two sides of the core.

2) Shell type transformer:

This is three legged
laminated core, with the
winding wrapped around the
center leg.
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 Types of Transformers w. r. t. Core
Design
Core type transformer Shell type transformer

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 Transformer Types w.r.t. its
Applications

1. Unit Transformer: To step up the voltage at generation.

2. Substation Transformer: To step down voltage from

transmission to distribution level.

3. Distribution Transformer: Takes distribution voltage

and steps it down to final voltage at which the power is
used.

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 Transformer Types w.r.t. its
Applications
4. Potential Transformer/Voltage Transformer
(PT/VT): Is used to change the high voltage to low
voltage, but can handle very small current.
5. Current Transformer (CT): Is used to change the
primary current to much smaller secondary current
but the current is directly proportional to the primary
current.
PT and CT are used for instrumentation.

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Ideal Transformer

Sketch of an ideal transformer

Schematic symbols of a transformer

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 Ideal Transformer
• Ideal transformer is a lossless device.
• Np: No of turns on primary side
• Ns: No of turns on the secondary side.
• Then Voltage eq. is:
vP (t ) N P
 a {a is the turn ratio}
vS (t ) N S

• The Current eq. is:

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 Ideal Transformer
In terms of phasor quantities

 
Vp N P Is
 = = = a
Vs N S I p

• Vp. & Vs have same phase angle

• Ip & Is have same phase angle

• Turn ratio just effects only the

magnitude of voltage & current. 10
 Ideal Transformer
The dot convention is used
to determine the polarity of
the voltages and currents.

The relationship is:

1. If Vp is +ve at dotted end w.r.t. un-
dotted end then Vs will be also +ve
at dotted end.
2. If Ip flows into the dotted end of
primary then Is will flow out of the
dotted end of secondary.

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 Power in Ideal Transformer
Primary side:
The power supplied to the transformer by the primary circuit is given by:
Pin  VP I P cos  p Where θp is the angle between Vp and Ip
Secondary side:
The power supplied by the transformer secondary circuit to its load is
given by:
Pout  Vs I s cos  S Where θs is angle between Vs and Is

Since voltage and current angles are unaffected for an ideal

transformer.
P  S  0

Power factor on primary and secondary side is the same

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 Power in Ideal Transformer
Comparison of Input and
Output Power
The same relationship applies to
Pin  Pout reactive power Q and the apparent
power S:
Pout  Vs I s cos 

Qin  VP I P sin   VS I S sin   Qout

and
Sin  VP I P  VS I S  Sout

Thus the output power of an ideal

transformer is equal to its input power.

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 Impedance Transformation Through a
Transformer
• The impedance of a device or an
element is defined as the ratio of
phasor voltage across it to the phasor
current through it:
VL VS
ZL  
IL IS
• The apparent impedance of
primary circuit of transformer
is:

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 Impedance Transformation
Through a Transformer
• To analyze the circuit replace the portion of
circuit on one side of the transformer by an
equivalent circuit with the same terminal
characteristics.
• The process of replacing one side of transformer
by its equivalent at the other side’s voltage level
is known as referring the first side of
transformer to the second side.

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 Impedance Transformation
Through a Transformer

Z L  a 2 Z L

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