RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY - 2

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Research Methods and Methodology
• Research methods are the
methods by which you conduct
research into a subject or a topic
• Research methods involve
conduct of experiments, tests,
surveys and the like
• Research methods aim at
finding solutions to research
problems
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• Research methodology explains
the methods by which you may
proceed with your research
• Research methodology
involves the learning of the
various techniques that can be
used in the conduct of research
and in the conduct of tests,
experiments, surveys and
critical studies search
• Research methodology aims at
the employment of the correct
procedures to find out solutions
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Hypothesis
•A hypothesis is an assumption about relations between variables.
•Hypothesis can be defined as a logically conjectured relationship between
two or more variables expressed in the form of a testable statement.
•Relationships are conjectured on the basis of the network of associations
established in the theoretical framework formulated for the research study.
•Research Hypothesis is a predictive statement that relates an independent
variable to a dependent variable.
•Hypothesis must contain at least one independent variable and one
dependent variable.

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Hypothesis
•Hypothesis are tentative, intelligent guesses as to the solution of the
problem.
•Hypothesis is a specific statement of prediction. It describes in concrete
terms what you expect to happen in the study.
•Hypothesis is an assumption about the population of the study.
•It delimits the area of research and keeps the researcher on the right track.
Problem (vs) hypothesis
•Hypothesis is an assumption, that can be tested and can be proved to be
right or wrong.
•A problem is a broad question which cannot be directly tested. A problem
can be scientifically investigated after converting it into a form of
hypothesis.

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Variables/ Attributes
•Anything that can vary can be considered as a variable.
•A variable is anything that can take on differing or varying values.
•For example; Age, Production units, Absenteeism, Sex, Motivation,
Income, Height, Weight etc.
•Note: The values can differ at various times for the same object or person
(or) at the same time for different objects or persons.
•A variable is a characteristic that takes on two or more values whereas, an
attribute is a specific value on a variable (qualitative).
•For example; The variable SEX/GENDER has 2 attributes - Male and
Female. The variable AGREEMENT has 5 attributes – Strongly Agree,
Agree, Neutral, Disagree, Strongly Disagree.

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Variables/ Attributes
•Dependent and Independent Variables: • If one variable is depend on
another variable it is termed as a dependent variable. • The variable that is
antecedent to the dependent variable is an independent variable. • Ex.
Height is dependent on age

•Extraneous Variables • That are not related to the purpose of the study but
may effect on the dependent variables are termed as the extraneous
variables.Suppose a researcher want to test the hypothesis that there is a
relationship between children gains in social studies achievement and their
self concept. • In this case self-concept = independent variable • Social
studies achievement = dependent variable • Intelligence may as well affect
on the social achievement. • But it is not related to the study undertaken by
the researcher so it is a Extraneous variable

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Research Design
•A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and
analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research
purpose with economy in procedure. Three traditional kinds of research-
design are- Exploratory, Descriptive, Hypothesis/casual.
•Research design have following parts:
Sampling Designs • Which deals with the methods of selecting items to be observed
for the study.

Observational design • Which relates to the condition under which the observation
are to be made.

Statistical Design • Which concern the question of the of How the information and
data gathered are to be analyzed ?

Operational design • Which deals with techniques by which the procedures satisfied
be carried out.

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Research Design
•Exploratory

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Research Design
•Descriptive

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Research Design
•Hypothesis/casual.

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Sampling Design

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Sampling Design
Sampling - concerned with selection of a subset of individuals from within a statistical population
to estimate characteristic of the whole population.

Sample - a small amount or part of something that shows you what the rest is or it should be

Sampling Unit- Elementary units or group of such units which besides being clearly
defined, identifiable and observable, are convenient for purpose of sampling are called
sampling units. For instance, in a family budget enquiry, usually a family is considered as the
sampling unit since it is found to be convenient for sampling and for ascertaining the required
information. In a crop survey, a farm or a group of farms owned or operated by a household
may be considered as the sampling unit.

Sampling Frame: A list containing all sampling units is known as sampling frame.
Sampling frame consists of a list of items from which the sample is to be drawn

Size of sample - refers to the number of items to be selected from the universe to constitute a
sample

Parameters of interest/ characteristics - one must consider the specific population parameters
which are of interest.

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Sampling Design

Developing Sampling Design

•Define the population of interest
•Choose data collection method
•Identify sampling frame
•Select sampling method
•Determine sample size
•Develop operational procedures for selecting sample elements Execute the
operational sampling plan

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Types of Sampling Method

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Types of Sampling Method

Probability sampling methods

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Types of Sampling Method

Non-Probability sampling methods

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Data Collection
Data collection is a term used to describe a process of Systematic gathering of data for
a particular purpose from various sources, that has been systematically observed,
recorded, organized.

Purpose of Data Collection-

•To obtain information
•To keep on record
•To make decisions about important issues,
•To pass information on to others
•For research study
Types of Data -
•Primary
•Secondary
Type of Data Collection-
•Qualitative
•Quantitative

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Data Collection
Method of Data Collection-

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Data Collection
Method of Data Collection-

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Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation

Presentation of data-
Organizing data into logical, sequential and meaningful categories for study and
interpretation and presenting in form of textual, tabular and graphical form.
Analysis of data-
Process of breaking up the whole study into constituent parts of categories. Analysis
means the categorizing, ordering, manipulating, and summarizing of data to obtain
answers to research questions.
Interpretation of data-
Interpretation takes the results of analysis, makes inferences pertinent to the research
relations studied, and draws conclusions about these relations. Interpretation involves
relating results to the research questions, and sometimes, to previous research . Also
what do you recommend based on the results and How it might affect the target
population. It is a creative process and involves critical thinking ability.

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Report Writing
Index-
1.Cover page
2.Title page
3.Certificate or statement
4.Table of contents (detailed index)
5.Acknowledgement
6.Lists of tables, Graphs and figures used
7.Title of Research
8.Abstract
9.Introduction and Background Study
10.Review of Literature
11.Statement of Problem/ Research questions
12.Nature/Scope of Study
13.Research Objectives
14.Research Methodology/Research Design
15.Sampling Design
16.Data Collection
17.Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation
18.Conclusion
19.Bibliography
20.Appendix/ Additional Details
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Report Writing

Guidelines-
1.A4 is the recommended size
2.Portrait alignment
3.The top, bottom and right side margins should be 25 mm, whereas the left side
margin should be 35 mm for both textual and non-textual (e.g., figures, tables) pages.
4.Follow APA style for referencing and citation
5.Font – Times new Roman
• Main Heading- 16 Size, bold, All In CAPITAL.
• Sub Heading- 14 Size bold.
• Main Text- 12size

6. Line Spacing- 1.5

7. Soft Cover binding

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