Architecture

PRESENTED BY:
GROUP 4
 Architecture is the art and profession of designing building.
 The word Architecture comes from the Greek word Architect, which
means “master carpenter”.
 Early Greek Architecture uses wood, not a stone.
 By 6th Century BC, stone replaced wood in the construction of
important temples.
 Design still reflect their in the wood.
 Architect is a professional who is qualified to design and provide
advice - both aesthetic and technical - on built objects in our public
and private landscapes.
 Architects do this by providing solutions through the use of:
 Artistic imagination and creative vision to design spaces where their ideas
and techniques-represented through form, light, textures, materials, and
colors-combine to fulfill our aesthetic, spiritual, and cultural needs;
 Practical and technical knowledge to create spaces that are safe, efficient,
sustainable, and meet economic needs; and
 Interpersonal skills, psychological understanding and ethical practice to
craft spaces that fulfill the complex, and sometimes conflicting, needs of
clients, users, and the community.
PARTHENON (447 BC IN GREECE)
TEMPLE OF OLYMPIAN ZEUS (174 BCE IN ATHENS)
ODEON OF HERODES ATTICUS (161 A.D IN ATHENS)
TIMELINE
 11,600 B.C. to 3,500 B.C. — Prehistoric Times
 Prehistoric structures are sometimes considered the birth of architecture.
 Prehistoric architecture includes monumental structures such as Stonehenge,
cliff dwellings in the Americas, and thatch and mud structures lost to time.
 Prehistoric builders moved earth and stone into geometric forms, creating our
earliest human-made formations.
 3,050 B.C. to 900 B.C. — Ancient Egypt
 In ancient Egypt, powerful rulers constructed monumental pyramids, temples,
and shrines.
 Houses in ancient Egypt were made with blocks of sun-baked mud.
 Builders in ancient Egypt uses columns to support the heavy stone entablature
above.
 850 B.C. to A.D. 476 — Classical
 Classical architecture refers to the style and design of buildings in ancient
Greece and ancient Rome.
 700 to 323 B.C. — Greek. The Doric column was first developed in Greece
and it was used for great temples, including the famous Parthenon in Athens.
 323 to 146 B.C. — Hellenistic. When Greece was at the height of its power in
Europe and Asia.
 44 B.C. to A.D. 476 — Roman. The Romans borrowed heavily from the
earlier Greek and Hellenistic styles, but their buildings were more highly
ornamented.
 527 to 565 — Byzantine
 After Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire to Byzantium (now called
Istanbul in Turkey) in A.D. 330, Roman architecture evolved into a graceful,
classically-inspired style that used brick instead of stone, domed roofs, elaborate
mosaics, and classical forms.
 800 to 1200 — Romanesque
 As Rome spread across Europe, heavier, stocky Romanesque architecture with
rounded arches emerged. Churches and castles of the early Medieval period were
constructed with thick walls and heavy piers.
 1100 to 1450 — Gothic
 Gothic architecture became characterized by the elements that supported taller, more
graceful architecture — innovations such as pointed arches, flying buttresses, and
ribbed vaulting.
 Gothic architecture began mainly in France where builders began to adapt the earlier
Romanesque style.
 Gothic architecture was known as the French Style.
 1400 to 1600 — Renaissance
 A return to Classical ideas ushered an "age of awakening" in Italy, France, and
England.
 In 1570 Andrea Palladio used the new technology of movable type to publish I
Quattro Libri dell' Architettura, or The Four Books of Architecture.
 1600 to 1830 — Baroque
 Baroque was characterized by complex shapes, extravagant ornaments, opulent
paintings, and bold contrasts.
 1650 to 1790 — Rococo
 Rococo art and architecture is characterized by elegant decorative designs with
scrolls, vines, shell-shapes, and delicate geometric patterns.
 1730 to 1925 — Neoclassicism
 Reflected the intellectual awakening among the middle and upper classes in Europe
during the period historians often call the Enlightenment.
 1890 to 1914 — Art Nouveau
 Known as the New Style in France.
 Art Nouveau buildings often have asymmetrical shapes, arches, and decorative
Japanese-like surfaces with curved, plant-like designs and mosaics.
 1895 to 1925 — Beaux Arts
 Also known as Beaux Arts Classicism, Academic Classicism, or Classical Revival,
Beaux Arts architecture is characterized by order, symmetry, formal design,
grandiosity, and elaborate ornamentation.
 1905 to 1930 — Neo-Gothic
 In the early 20th century, medieval Gothic ideas were applied to modern buildings,
both private homes and the new type of architecture called skyscrapers.
 Gothic Revival was a Victorian style inspired by Gothic cathedrals and other medieval
architecture.
 1925 to 1937 — Art Deco
 Art Deco architecture embraced both the machine age and ancient times.
 Zigzag patterns and vertical lines create dramatic effect on jazz-age, Art Deco
buildings.
 By the 1930s, Art Deco evolved into a more simplified style known as Streamlined
Moderne, or Art Moderne. The emphasis was on sleek, curving forms and long
horizontal lines.
 1900 to Present — Modernist Styles
 The 20th and 21st centuries have seen dramatic changes and astonishing diversity.
 Modernist architecture emphasizes function. It attempts to provide for specific needs
rather than imitate nature.
 Modernist architecture generally has little or no ornamentation and is prefabricated or
has factory-made parts.
 1972 to Present — Postmodernism
 A reaction against the Modernist approaches gave rise to new buildings that
re-invented historical details and familiar motifs.
 The key ideas of Postmodernism are set forth in two important books by
Robert Venturi. In his groundbreaking 1966 book, Complexity and
Contradiction in Architecture,
 1997 to Present — Neo-Modernism and Parametricism
 Some call today's architecture Neo-Modernism. Some call it Parametricism,
but the name for computer-driven design is up for grabs.
 Neo-Modernism began with Frank Gehry's sculpted designs, especially the
success of the 1997 Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain.
ARCHITECTURAL
MATERIALS AND
PRODUCTS
Concrete In Modern Architecture
 Concrete is composed of cement, fine
and coarse aggregates bonded
together in a fixed ratio.
 The compound can be easily molded
into the desired form using the
appropriate scaffolding, forming a
column, beam, slab, foundation etc.
Brick
 The brick blocks are like the
Lego blocks which can be
combined together to form
creative masterpieces through
innovative thinking and skilled
craftsmanship.
Steel
 Steel is the material that can be
used as a structural material as
well as a visible material.
 Steel as a building material
possess the qualities like
durability, strength, lightweight,
can be recycled, can withstand
the variance in climatic
conditions.
GLASS
 Used to achieve transparency
and light, the glass, is the most
common façade element which
offers both visibility as well as
protection from the changing
climate.
ALUMINUM
 Aluminum is a non-ferrous
metal abundantly available.
 It is not readily available and is
to be extracted from the bauxite
ore.
NATURAL STONE
 Stone being used since the time
of evolution of mankind is still
a trendy building material.
WOOD
 The only renewable building
material who's addition in the
building gives not just the
warm feeling but an emotion of
joy and comfort share in
designing when compared with
aesthetics and functionality.
TILES
 Made up of hard materials such
as ceramic, stone or even glass,
applied as a covering material
over floors, walls, table tops
etc. is an efficient finishing
material commonly used in
modern buildings.
ARCHITECTURAL
FORMS
“Architectural form is the point of contact between mass and space …
Architectural forms, textures, materials, modulation of light and shade,
color, all combine to inject a quality or spirit that articulates space. The
quality of the architecture will be determined by the skill of the
designer in using and relating these elements, both in the interior
spaces and in the spaces around buildings”. - Edmund N. Bacon.The
Design of Cities 1967
REGULAR FORMS
 Regular forms are more often
seen in buildings where one or
more than one elements are
repeated in the design in some
fairly and orderly manner that
gives a clear look to the design.
IRREGULAR FORMS
 Almost all the parts/elements of
irregular forms are dissimilar
from one another in nature
creating a chaotic look for the
viewer.
REGULAR OR IRREGULAR MIX FORM
 Both a regular and irregular
form, transformations (additive
or subtractive) in existing form
makes the design even more
appealing and unique.
 This actually results in losing
the initial form of the design
and making a building look
completely different
FORMS INSPIRED BY NATURE
 This specific kind of inspiration
is actually called the
biomimetic architecture.
 The forms are inspired so much
from the nature that what seems
so simple in nature can actually
translate to better design
solution by a designer.
UNUSUAL FORMS
 So as to keep themselves a
point away from those usual
kinds of regular and irregular
forms.
DIFFERENT FORMS IN INTERIOR
 Different forms in interior
create different kind of moods
be it mysterious, romantic,
extravagant, bold, lavish etc.
By putting few key elements
together, one can enjoy unique
form in its own way.
GEOMETRY AND ARCHITECTURAL
FORMS
 There are a lot of forms that are
totally derived by using various
kinds of formulas like Golden
section, Pythagoras, Alberti,
Kepler, Modular etc that shows
the coherence of composition
and geometry.
ARCHITECTURAL
STYLE
 Architectural Style is a way of classifying architecture by the
features of design, leading to a terminology such as “Gothic” style.
NEOLITHIC ARCHITECTURE

 Also known as “Stone-Age” architecture

contains some of the oldest known
structure made by mankind.
 Connection with Agriculture, which is
the time when cereal cultivation and
animal domestication was introduced.
 In East Asia, it goes from 6000 to 2000
BCE.
EGYPTIAN Architecture

 Due to lack of wood most Egyptian

architecture was made with mud-
brick and stone.
 Most Egyptian towns have been lost
because they were situated in the
cultivated and flooded area of the
Nile Valley.
CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE

 Classical Architecture is derived

from the architecture of ancient
Greece and ancient Rome.
 In additions to houses, temples,
and palaces. Romans constructed
public baths, shops, theaters, and
outdoor arenas.
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

 Included pointed arches and

stained-glass windows.
 Pointed arch was introduce for both
visual and structural reasons.
 Gothic cathedrals could be highly
decorated with statues and
paintings.
VICTORIAN ARCHITECTURE

 During the Industrial Revolution Victorian

builders had access to new materials and
technologies.
 Mass production and mass transit made
ornamental parts affordable.
 Victorian architects and builders applied
many decorations to the buildings.
 They used lots of brackets, spindles,
scrollwork and other machine made building
parts.
COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

 The Colonial house is expected to

be symmetrical with windows on
either side of a central doorway.
 The earliest buildings were
constructed of wood and later out
of brick.
 There are usually three to five
windows across the second floor.
MODERN ARCHITECTURE

 Began to use simple form and the

elimination of ornamentation.
 Use materials such as iron, steel,
concrete, and glass.
 The most commonly used materials
are glass for façade, steel for exterior
support.
 Modern architecture seen in most
skyscrapers.
 FAMOUS PEOPLE IN THE
FIELD OF ARCHITECTURE
FOREIGN:
 Antoni Gaudi
 Gaudí spent his entire career in
Barcelona, where he built all of his
projects.
 The most famous of which is the 1883
cathedral known as La Sagrada
Familia in Barcelona.
 Another of his famous creations, the
apartment block known as the Casa
Milla or La Padrera build in 1907-
1910 (inspired by the multi-peaked
mountain just outside of Barcelona
called Montserrat).
FOREIGN:
 Frank Lloyd Wright
 Wright revolutionize 20th-century
architect, and his Midwestern
upbringing played a crucial role in
shaping his sensibility.
 His most famous building, Falling
Water (a residence in Bear Run,
PA in United States build in 1935)
 Wright created the Prairie House
style as a reaction the prevailing
Victorian aesthetic. (Robie House
in 1909 in Chicago)
FOREIGN:
 Daniel Burnham
 Was a Gilded Age architect, who,
along with partner John Wellborn
Root, built what was called the
first skyscraper in 1886: The 130-
foot-high Montauk Building in
Chicago.
 He’s also remembered for
overseeing the design and
construction of Chicago’s World’s
Columbian Exposition of 1893,
the fantastical fair that became
enshrined in legend as The White
City.
FOREIGN:
 Frank Gehry
 This West Coast architect is
undoubtedly the most famous in the
world right now.
 The famous word of Gehry is the
Guggenheim Museum branch in
Bilbao, Spain in 1997.
 Though Gehry was already well-
established in his field as the auteur
billowing forms that seem to defy
gravity and the logic of conventional
construction methods.
 Other design of Gehry is the Disney
Hall in Los Angeles build in 1999-
2003.
FOREIGN:

 Adrian Smith
 World's foremost expert of
supertall towers.
 This American architect has
number of renowned skyscrapers'
design to his credit such as the Burj
Khalifa in Dubai build in 2004.
 Kingdom Tower in Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia build in 2013.
LOCAL:

 Leandro Locsin
 A quintessential Renaissance man.
 His most substantial contribution
to Filipino architecture is the
Cultural Center of the Philippines
build in 1966.
 The Church of the Holy Sacrifice
(1955) is the first round chapel in
the Philippines with the altar in
the middle, and the first to have a
thin shell concrete dome.
LOCAL:
 Ildefonso P. Santos
 The Father of Philippine
landscape architecture.
 National Artist for Architecture in
2006.
 One of his earliest successful
projects was the Makati
Commercial Center around late
70’s to early 80’s
 Led him to be commissioned to
revitalize Manila’s Paco Park, the
work for which he is perhaps best
remembered.
LOCAL:

 Pablo Antonio
 One of the first exponents of
modernist architecture in the
Philippines.
 Antonio was acutely aware of the
demands made on architecture by
the unforgiving Philippine
climate. Buildings such as the
Galaxy Theatre (1930’s), the Far
Eastern University (1928), and the
Manila Polo Club (1909)
LOCAL:
 Juan Nakpil
 Was committed to the belief that
architecture built in the
Philippines should reflect its
culture and people.
 National Artist for Architecture in
1973.
 He worked on the restoration of
the home of national hero Jose
Rizal.
 He is also the one who design the
Quiapo, Church in 1984.
LOCAL:
 Carlos A. Santos-Viola
 He was a devout Catholic
throughout his life, and many of
his best known designs were
executed for the Iglesia Ni Cristo.
 The very first Iglesia ni Cristo
Church that was made by Santos-
Viola was in Cubao in the year of
1971.
 Santos-Viola chose to incorporate
Gothic and Baroque elements into
his modern churches.
 “The structure must not only look
good but must also be made well.”