Keeping Food Safe

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 1

Food Sanitation and Safety
Terms
 Clean - free of visible soil
 Sanitize - reduce the number of microorganisms
to a safe level using heat or chemicals
  Sterilize - to make free of microorganisms
 In food service we do not sterilize food contact
surfaces.
  Contamination - the presence of harmful
substance in food

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 2

Food Sanitation and Safety
Terms
 Spoilage. Damage to the edible quality of a food.
Meat that is unsafe to eat will not always smell or
taste spoiled.
 Potentially Hazardous Foods (PHF’s). Foods
that allow the rapid growth of bacteria. There are
several physical and environmental characteristics
that will make a food potentially hazardous. We
will discuss these characteristics later in this
lesson.
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 3
Food Sanitation and Safety
Terms
 The Temperature Danger Zone. Temperature
range where bacteria can grow and reproduce
rapidly (between 41 and 135 degrees F, or
between 4 and 57 degrees C.) Potentially
hazardous foods should be kept at temperatures
below 41 oF or above 135 oF.
 Food borne Illness. Illness transmitted to
humans due to the ingestion of food that contains
harmful pathogens or their byproducts (toxins).
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 4
Food Sanitation and Safety
Terms
 Food borne Illness Outbreaks (FBIOs).
Generally, we think of a food borne illness
outbreak as involving 20, 50, or even
hundreds of individuals. In reality, an
outbreak is defined as the laboratory
confirmed incidence of clinical illness
involving two or more people that ate a
common food
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 5
Food Sanitation and Safety
Terms
 Cross-contamination - the transfer of a harmful
substance from one food to another by direct or indirect
contact
 Direct cross-contamination involves the transfer of a harmful
agent from raw foods to cooked or ready-to-eat foods
 example of direct contact: blood from thawing ground beef dripping
onto fresh produce stored on a shelf below
 Indirect cross-contamination involves the transfer of a
harmful agent to foods by hands, utensils, or equipment.
 example of indirect contact: raw chicken prepared with a knife and
cutting board and knife and cutting board are not cleaned and
sanitized after use

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 6

Factors That Contribute to
Food borne Disease
 Eight leading causes of Food borne Illness
identified by CDC were:
  1) Cross-contamination between raw and cooked
and/or ready-to-eat foods. It generally results
from poor personal hygiene (worker’s hands), or
from using unsanitized equipment
  2) Inadequate re-heating of potentially hazardous
foods. All leftovers intended to be served hot
must be re-heated to 165 oF within a 2-hour period
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 7
Factors That Contribute to
Food borne Disease
  3) Foods left in the temperature danger
zone (TDZ) too long. Time in the TDZ is
cumulative. After 4 hours the potentially
hazardous foods must be discarded
  4) Raw, contaminated ingredients used
without further cooking. Examples of this
are sliced melons, salad vegetables, and raw
eggs used in sauces and salad dressings
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 8
Factors That Contribute to
Food borne Disease
 7) Failure to properly heat or cook food
  8)   Failure to properly cool food is the
number one cause of FBIOs in the United
States. Poor cooling practices result in
potentially hazardous foods being held in
the TDZ for long periods of time

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 9

Recognizing the Threat
 There are three categories of hazards that
are responsible for causing food borne
illnesses and/or injuries:
  Biological
 Chemical

 Physical 

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 10

Recognizing the Threat
 1) Biological Hazards.
 Of the three categories, biological hazards present the
most significant threat, accounting for at least two
thirds of food borne illnesses.
 Biological hazards include certain bacteria, viruses,
parasites, and fungi. Certain plants, mushrooms, and
fish carry harmful toxins. Intoxications are harmful
toxins in contaminated foods. Infections are pathogens
that grow in the intestines.

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 11

Recognizing the Threat
 2) Chemical Hazards.
 intoxication due to chemical contamination of food
 residues on food or food contact surfaces
 pesticides and metal residues
 cleaning compounds
 Metal residues
 can produce toxic effect in minute quantities
 galvanized containers w/ acidic foods causes zinc to leach out
 Lead-based flatware and crystal can present similar problems
 Residues from detergents, cleaning solutions, or
concentrated sanitizers

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 12

Recognizing the Threat
 Physical Hazards
 involve injuries caused by chewing or ingesting
foreign objects in food
 not as significant as biological hazards because
threat impacts fewer people
 Examples: metal shavings packing staples,
tacks, and pins, glass, hair, fingernails, wood,
stones, toothpicks

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 13

Layers of Protection
 prevent food borne illness by enforcing
“Layers of Protection.”
 leading causes of food borne illness come
from violations in the food safety layers of
protection associated with the following:
 (1) Personal hygiene and work habits
 (2) Time and temperature discipline
 (3) Proper cleaning and sanitizing

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 14

Personal Hygiene and Identifying
Unhealthy Personnel
 Supervisors
 must identify unsanitary and unhealthy personnel
 Observation is an effective means of identifying health
risks
 look for cuts/burns on fingers, hands, and arms; oozing
sores, pimples, or boils; and significant coughing or
sneezing
 Workers not allowed around food if they are
experiencing fever, vomiting, or diarrhea 

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 15

Uniform Standards
 Hair restraints, such as a hat or hair net must be
utilized by all food handlers
 Workers with no hair must wear a hat to catch
perspiration
 Personnel with beard must wear a beard restraint
 The only jewelry to be worn by food handlers is a
plain, smooth wedding band
 Workers not actively engaged in food preparation
may wear a watch

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 16

Hand washing
 most common source of contamination leading to illness is
the fecal-oral-route
 contaminated after using the restroom
 bacteria and viral contamination transferred via
contaminated food or utensils
 single use gloves must be used when handling ready-to-eat
foods
 hands must be washed between glove changes
 must wash hands after a break, smoking, using restroom,
applying make-up, between food handling tasks, before
donning gloves, between glove changes.

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 17

Hand washing Standards
 designated sink in the food preparation area for
hand washing or public restroom within 200 feet
 Pot/pan sink and janitor’s sink not authorized for hand
washing
 Hot and cold running water
 hot water must have a minimum temperature of 110 oF
 Liquid soap is preferred
 trash receptacle must be present
 Only disposable paper towels or air dryer are
authorized for drying hands

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 18

Time & Temperature
Discipline
 second layer of protection
 time and temperature controls throughout
the flow of food
 must assume all potentially hazardous foods
are contaminated  
 Thermometers. A bi-metallic, stem-type
thermometer should be used to measure the
internal temperature of food
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 19
Thawing
 Potentially hazardous foods held in cold storage
must have an internal product temperature of 41 oF
(4.0°C) or less to significantly retard or reduce
bacterial growth.
 Frozen potentially hazardous foods must be
tempered using a process that will either keep the
internal product temperature from exceeding 41 oF
or will ultimately raise the temperature to
adequately kill existing pathogens.
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 20
Factors That Contribute to
Food borne Disease
 5) Foods prepared too far in advance. This
is generally coupled with holding food in
the TDZ too long
  6) Infected food handlers and poor work
habits both contribute to food borne disease.

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 21

Thawing
 only three approved methods  
 (1) In a refrigeration unit set at an ambient temperature
of 38 oF.
 most preferred method and requires proper menu planning  
 (2) Thawing as part of the conventional cooking
process generally involves products that need little or
no preparation
 thaw as they cook
 items thawed in a microwave must be immediately
transferred to a conventional cooking process; no time delay
between steps 
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 22
Thawing
 (3) least preferred method is placing the item under
potable running water that is set at 70 oF or less.
requirements when used:
  PHF should be kept in its original wrapper if possible 
 placed in a pan or pot, which is then placed into the sink
  water at a pressure strong enough to agitate loose particles 
 constant turnover of water during this process 
 Regardless of method caution should be taken to avoid
cross contamination and minimize time in the TDZ

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 23

Preparation & Cooking
 Time and temperature controls are critical
 most likely stage that bacteria will have an
opportunity to grow or survive
 Time in the danger zone is cumulative from
the time of receipt to the time of serving
 California Uniform Retail Food Facilities Law
allows a maximum of 4 hours in the TDZ
before it must be discarded
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 24
Preparation & Cooking – Temp
Requirements
 All products containing poultry; stuffed foods, such as
stuffed noodle shells and bell peppers; and all leftovers
to be eaten hot: 165 oF for a minimum of 15 seconds
 ground beef; and eggs prepared in bulk: 155 oF for 15
seconds
 Whole muscle meats (beef and lamb); fish and seafood;
and made-to-order eggs: 145 oF for 15 seconds
 Roasts require 145 degrees for 3 minutes due to the
thickness of the muscle

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 25

Holding & Serving
 spot check the internal temperature of PHFs in
holding (hot and cold) with thermometers every
30 minutes
 hot holding or serving line items that fall below
135 oF should be re-heated to 165 oF or discarded
if 4 hours in the TDZ has occurred
 Items that have been re-heated to 165 oF are
considered leftovers and cannot be retained for an
additional 24 hours

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 26

Leftovers
Any unserved food remaining at the end of a meal
period:
 must be labeled with item name, date/time
 only items that were held at safe temperatures,
protected from contamination, and handled by food
service workers may be retained as leftovers
 may be retained for up to 24 hours if cooled properly
and held at 41 oF or below
 Hot leftovers may be retained for up to 5 hours if
held at 135 oF or above
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 27
Leftovers
 Rapid cooling
 reduce bulk products and increase the surface area of a
product
 Use 2-inch shallow pans, ice baths, slicing, stirring,
blast chillers, or a combination
 hot items must be cooled from temperatures that
are above 135 oF to 70 oF in 2 hours, then from 70
oF to 41 oF or below within 4 hours

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 28

Cleaning & Sanitizing
 All non-food contact surfaces must be cleaned after
each meal
 Food contact surfaces, (food service equipment and
utensils) must be properly cleaned and sanitized
 Sponges, steel wool, wooden handled brushes, and
common dishtowels are PROHIBITED
 Reusable wiping cloths may be used only if stored
in sanitizing solution
 Paper towels are preferred

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 29

Sanitizing In-Place Equipment
and Food Contact Surfaces

 Sanitizers must be used at the proper

concentration to effectively kill pathogenic
organisms
 Spot-check water temperature and pH
 Equipment and utensils cleaned and
sanitized allowed to air dry
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 30
Clean: Wash Hands and
Surfaces Often
 Bacteria can spread throughout the kitchen
and get on to cutting boards, knives,
sponges and counter tops.
 prevent food contamination from outside
sources:
 Wash hands in hot soapy water before
preparing food and after using the bathroom

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 31

Clean: Wash Hands and
Surfaces Often
 Wash cutting boards, knives, utensils and counter
tops in hot soapy water after each food item
 Use plastic or other non-porous cutting boards
 Cutting boards should be run through the
dishwasher or washed in hot soapy water
 Consider using paper towels to clean up kitchen
surfaces
 If using cloth towels - wash them often in hot
water + sanitizer

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 32

Separate: Don’t Cross-
Contaminate
 Principles to preventing cross contamination are:
 Keep raw meat, poultry and seafood separate from each
other and other food
 Store raw meat, poultry and seafood on the bottom
shelf
 Use one cutting board for raw meat products and
another for salads and other foods that are ready to be
eaten
 Wash cutting boards and utensils with hot soapy water
after contact with raw meat, poultry and seafood
 Never place cooked food on a plate that previously held
raw meat, poultry or seafood
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 33
Cook to Proper Temperatures
 Use a meat thermometer to verify thorough cooking
 Cook roasts and steaks to at least 145°F. Whole poultry,
cook to 180°F for doneness
 Cook ground meat to at least 160°F (center of patty)
 Cook eggs until the yolk and white are firm, not runny
 Cook fish until it is opaque and flakes easily
 Make sure there are no cold spots in food
 Heat other leftovers thoroughly to 165°F

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 34

Food Sources

 Food prepared in a private home may NOT

be used or offered for human consumption
at a public or private event on campus.
 Complimentary food items may be provided by
campus employees for sharing with coworkers
in their department or office. Each employee is
responsible for the wholesomeness of the food
items he/she provides.
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 35
Food Sources

 All food must be purchased or provided through

Campus Dining / Campus Catering. Any food
donations from outside sources must be approved
and coordinated by Campus Catering.

 Pre-Packaged foods must retain their original label

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 36

Temperature
 Refrigerated potentially hazardous foods shall be at a
temperature of 41°F (4.0°C) or below when received
 Exception: if a temperature other than 41 °F (4.0 °C) is
specified in law (milk, molluscan shellfish, and shell
eggs),these foods shall be cooled to 41 °F (4.0 °C) within
4 hours of receiving
 cooked foods must be received at 135 °F (57 °C) or
above
 food shipped frozen shall be received frozen
 free of evidence of temperature abuse

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 37

Hands
 Food handlers must properly wash their hands
whenever there may have been a chance they may
have become contaminated in any way
 Except when washing fruits and vegetables food
handlers may not contact food with their bare
hands and must use suitable utensils (such as deli
tissue, spatulas, tongs, single-use gloves, or
dispensing equipment)

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 38

Tasting
 A food handler may not use a utensil more than
once to taste food
 A two- utensil method for recipe tasting is
appropriate
 use one utensil to remove the food from the container
and to place the food in a clean, sanitary bowl or plate.
Use a second utensil to taste the food
 discard any unused portion of food that was removed,
and clean and sanitize the utensil and bowl or plate 

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 39

Ice
 Ice may not be used as food after use as a medium
for cooling the exterior surfaces of food, packaged
foods, or cooling coils and tubes of equipment
 Packaged food may not be stored in direct contact
with ice or water if subject to the entry of water
 Generally, unpackaged food may not be stored in
direct contact with undrained ice
 Whole, raw fruits or vegetables; cut, raw vegetables
(such as celery or carrot sticks or cut potatoes); and
tofu may be immersed in ice or water 
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 40
Ice
 Raw chicken and raw fish that are received
immersed in ice in shipping containers may
remain in that condition while in storage awaiting
preparation, display, service, or sale
 Ice intended as food (in drinks) shall be dispensed
from self-service, automatic ice dispensing
machines or placed in cleaned and sanitized self-
draining container
 Use clean and sanitized scoops, tongs, or other
ice-dispensing utensils
 Glassware is prohibited for scooping ice
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 41
Equipment & Utensils
 Food may not contact surfaces of equipment and
utensils that are not cleaned and sanitized
 pauses in food preparation or dispensing
 Store food preparation and dispensing utensils in the food
with handles above the top of the food and container
 in non-potentially hazardous food, store utensils with handles
above the top of the food within containers or equipment that
can be closed, such as bins of sugar, flour, or cinnamon
 may also store on a clean portion of the food preparation
table or cooking equipment,
 shall be cleaned and sanitized frequently during event

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 42

Gloves

 single-use gloves shall:

 be used for only one task such as working with ready-
to-eat food or with raw animal food
 used for no other purpose
 discarded when damaged or soiled or when
interruptions occur in the operation

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 43

Food Storage
 Food must be protected from contamination by
storing the food in a clean, dry location where it is
not exposed to splash, dust, or other contamination
 All food must be stored at least 6 inches above the
floor
 Food to be sold or given away to the public may
NOT be stored at home.

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 44

Condiment Protection
 Protected from contamination by being kept in

 original containers designed for dispensing (squeeze

bottles)
 individual packages or portions.

 Use of relish bowls and other similar non-self-

closing condiment containers is prohibited

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 45

Consumer Self-Service
Operations
 Raw, unpackaged food may not be offered for
consumer self-service
 does not apply to consumer self-service of ready-to-eat
foods at buffets or salad bars
 shall be provided with suitable utensils
 employees shall monitor self-service operations

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 46

Cooking Raw Foods
 Raw foods of animal source shall be cooked to
heat all parts to minimum requirements for
temperature and time
 145 °F (63 °C) or above for 15 sec used for:
 Raw shell eggs for immediate service
 Fish & seafood
 Beef, veal, lamb, mutton
 Select commercially raised game animals

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 47

Cooking Raw Foods
 155 °F (68 °C) for 15 seconds or the temperature
specified for:
 Bone-in fish/meats/game animals, injected meats, eggs
not for immediate service
 Ground Beef
 165 °F (74 °C) or above for 15 sec for:
 Poultry & certain wild game animals
 Stuffed fish/meat/pasta or stuffing w/ fish/meat/poultry
 Stuffing/dressing cooked separately

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 48

Cooking Raw Foods

 Fruits and vegetables cooked for hot

holding shall be cooked to 135 °F  

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 49

Microwave Cooking
 Raw animal source foods cooked in a microwave
shall be rotated/stirred during cooking to
compensate for uneven distribution of heat
 must also be covered to retain surface moisture
 all raw animal source foods cooked exclusively in a
microwave shall be heated to a temperature of 165
°F (74 °C) in all parts of the food
 Upon completion, will be allowed to stand covered
for 2 minutes after cooking to obtain temperature
equilibrium
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 50
Reheating for Hot Holding
 PHF’s cooked, cooled, and reheated for hot holding
shall be reheated to 165°F for 15 seconds
 PHF’s reheated in a microwave oven for hot holding
shall be reheated so that all parts of the food reach a
temperature of at least 165 °F (74 °C) and the food
shall be rotated or stirred, covered, and allowed to
stand covered for 2 minutes after reheating
 Ready to eat food taken from commercially
processed, hermetically sealed container: heat to
135°F for hot holding

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 51

Reheating for Hot Holding
 Reheating for hot holding shall be done
rapidly, and the time the food is between
the temperatures of 41°F and 165°F may
not exceed 2 hours
 Remaining unsliced roast beef properly
cooked may be reheated for hot holding if
oven parameters are met

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 52

PHF: Hot & Cold Holding or
Display
 Sufficient holding facilities shall be available to
assure the maintenance of PHF’s at required
temperature during hot or cold holding
 Except during preparation, cooking, cooling, or
when time is used as the public health control, all
potentially hazardous foods shall be maintained at
135°F or above, or at 41°F or below

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 53

Time as a Public Health
Control
 Time only, rather than time in conjunction with
temperature
 requirements:
 a. Food shall be identified to indicate the time 4 hours from
removal from temperature control
 b. food shall be cooked and served within 4 hours from the
point in time when the food is removed from temperature
control
 c. food in unmarked containers or packages or exceed a 4-hour
limit shall be discarded
 d. Written procedures ensuring compliance available to the
regulatory authority upon request 
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 54
Hands & Exposed Arms
 Food Employees shall vigorously wash hands and
exposed portions of arms with soap and warm
water for at least 20 seconds followed by a
thorough rinsing with clean water at designated
hand washing facility
 Employees should wash before engaging in food
preparation, after touching bare human body parts
other than clean hands and clean, exposed portions
of arms and always after using the toilet  
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 55
Hands & Exposed Arms
 wash hands
 after coughing, sneezing, using a handkerchief or tissue
 using tobacco, eating, or drinking, after handling soiled
equipment or utensils, during food preparation, to
remove soil and contamination and to prevent cross
contamination when changing tasks
 when switching between working with raw food and
working with ready-to-eat food, or after engaging in
other activities that contaminate the hands

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 56

Hands & Exposed Arms
 Food employees shall wash hands in hand washing
lavatory
 May not clean their hands in a sink used for food
preparation or in a service sink or a curbed cleaning
facility used for the disposal of mop water and similar
liquid waste
 A hand sanitizer and a chemical hand sanitizing solution
used as a hand dip shall contain active antimicrobial
ingredients
 Sanitizer shall be applied only to hands that are
thoroughly cleaned
10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 57
Hands & Exposed Arms
 With the exception of a plain ring, such as a
wedding band, or medical bracelet, employees may
not wear jewelry when preparing or serving food
 Prohibited jewelry includes nose, tongue, and lip
rings; other exposed body jewelry; and watches
 Employees who handle only closed food containers
or prepackaged food are exempt
 Food employees shall also wear clean outer
clothing

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 58

HYGIENIC PRACTICES
 Food handlers may eat, drink, or use any form of
tobacco only in designated areas where the
contamination of exposed food, clean equipment,
utensils, linens, unwrapped single-service and single-
use articles, or other items needing protection cannot
result. A food handler may drink from a closed
beverage container with a protected drinking
mechanism (sports bottle) if the container is handled
in a manner that prevents contamination of the
worker’s hands and exposed food or contact surfaces.

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 59

HYGIENIC PRACTICES
 Food handlers experiencing persistent
sneezing, coughing, or a runny nose that
causes discharges from the eyes, nose, or
mouth may not work with exposed food;
clean equipment, utensils, and linens; or
unwrapped single-service or single-use
articles.

10/22/20 Food Hygiene lecture 60