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COGNITION
Learning Objectives
• How do organization,
adaptation, and
disequilibrium guide
development?
Chapter 7: Cognition
• Assimilation
– Using existing schemes to
interpret new experiences
– E.g., Birds are things that fly
• Accommodation
– Modifying schemes to fit new
experience
– E.g., Butterflies are different
than birds even though they
both fly
Piaget
• Adaptation
– Adjusting to the environment
– Using assimilation and accommodation
• Intelligence = Adaptation
• Constructivism
– Children construct own reality
– Use their experiences (schemes)
Piaget
• Four stages/changes in ability to
reason
– Sensorimotor: birth to 2 years
– Preoperational: 2 to 7 years
– Concrete operations: 7 to 11
years
– Formal operations: 12+ years
• Invariant sequence
• Rates may vary
• Requires maturation and
experience
Learning Objectives
• Sensorimotor Stage
– Newborn uses reflexes to understand world
(sensory & motoric intelligence)
• Outcome of Stage
– Mental representation
• Evidence: Object Permanence
– Symbolic Capacity
• Evidence: Language
• Some common tests of the child’s ability to conserve.
Learning Objectives
• Egocentric Thinkers
• Problem Solving Limited
– Classification and seriation problems
• Ages 2–7: Preschool
– May have imaginary companions
• Lack Conservation
– Perceptual salience, Irreversible thinking
– Centration
Learning Objectives
• Contributions
– Stimulated much research
– Correct about cognitive
development
• Challenges
– Underestimated competencies
– Focused on performance not
competence
– Domain growth rather than
stages
– Social influences left out
Learning Objectives
• What is the main theme of
Vygotsky’s theory of
cognitive development?
• How does social
interaction contribute to
cognitive development
according to Vygotsky’s
theory?
• In what ways are
Vygotsky and Piaget
similar and different in
their ideas about
cognition?
Vygotsky
• Emphasized the Sociocultural
Context
– Culture effects how and
what we think
• Zone of Proximal Development
(ZPD)
– Accomplishment with
guidance
– Where lessons should be
aimed
• Guided Participation Learning
• Private Speech Guides
Behavior
– (3&4 yr olds)