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Method produces polynomial stress distributions, and thus would not satisfy general
boundary conditions. However, using Saint-Venant’s principle we can replace a non-
polynomial condition with a statically equivalent polynomial loading. This formulation
is most useful for problems with rectangular domains, and is commonly based on
inverse solution concept where we assume a polynomial solution form and then try
to find what problem it will solve.
Notice that the three lowest order terms with m + n 1 do not contribute to the
stresses and will therefore be dropped. Second order terms will produce a constant
stress field, third-order terms will give a linear distribution of stress, and so on for
higher-order polynomials.
Terms with m + n 3 will automatically satisfy biharmonic equation for any choice of
constants Amn. However, for higher order terms, constants Amn will have to be related
in order to have polynomial satisfy biharmonic equation.
T T
2c
x
2l
M
M 2c
x
2l
M
M 2c
x
2l
I 2c 3 / 3
wl wl
2c
x
y
2l
wl wl
2c
x
y
2l
l/c = 2
l/c = 3
Maximum differences between two theories exist at top Maximum difference between two theories is w and
and bottom of beam, difference in stress is w/5. For most occurs at top of beam. Again this difference will be
beam problems (l >> c), bending stresses will be much negligibly small for most beam problems where l >> c.
greater than w, and differences between elasticity and These results are generally true for beam problems with
strength of materials will be relatively small. other transverse loadings.
w y 3 c 2 y 3w 1 y 3 1 y
x (l , y )
I 3 5 2 3 c 3 5 c
wl wl
2c
x
y
2l
wl wl
2c
x
y
2l
qol/ qol/
2c
x
Stress Field
Boundary Conditions: A D ( c tanh c 1)
sin x[( A C y ) sinh y ( B D y ) cosh y ] B C (c coth c 1)
x (0, y ) x (l , y ) 0
c
xy ( x, c ) 0 qo sinh
x sin x[( A sinh y C (y sinh y 2 cosh y )
2
C l
y ( x , c ) 0 B cosh y D (y cosh y 2 sinh y )] 2 c c c
2 2 sinh cosh
y ( x, c ) qo sin( x / l ) l l l l
y 2 sin x[( A Cy ) sinh y ( B Dy ) cosh y ] c
c qo sinh
xy cos x[( A cosh y C (y cosh y 2 sinh y )
2
xy (0, y ) dy qo l / D l
c
c
2
c c
c B sinh y D(y sinh y 2 cosh y )] 2 2 sinh cosh
c
xy (l , y )dy qo l / l l l l
l
qol/ qol/
2c
x
u(0,0) v (0,0) v (l ,0) 0 o vo 0 , u o [ B(1 ) 2C ]
E
D
v ( x,0)
sin x[2 (1 ) c tanh c ]
E
3qo l 5 3qo l 4 x 1 c c
For the case l >> c D 3 5 v ( x,0) 3 4 sin [1 tanh ]
4c 2c E l 2 l l
3qo l 4
x
Strength of Materials v ( x,0) 3 4 sin
2c E l
x 2n cos n x[ Bn cosh n y C n ( n y sinh n y 2 cosh n y )]
p(x)
n 1
2m cos m y[ Fm cosh m x Gm m x sinh m x] Boundary Conditions
m 1
x ( a, y ) 0 , xy ( a, y ) 0
y cos n x[ Bn cosh n y C n n y sinh n y ] 2C 0
2
n 1
n xy ( x,b) 0 , y ( x,b) p ( x)
2m cos m y[ Fm cosh m x Gm ( m x sinh m x 2 cosh m x)] Using Fourier series theory to handle
m 1
general boundary conditions, generates a
xy 2n sin n x[ Bn sinh n y C n ( n y cosh n y sinh n y )] doubly infinite set of equations to solve for
n 1
unknown constants in stress function form.
2m sin m y[ Fm sinh m x G m ( m x cosh m x sinh m x)] See text for details
m 1
r
x
Hooke’s Law
Plane Strain Plane Stress
r (er e ) 2er 1 1
er ( r ) , e ( r )
(er e ) 2e E E
z (er e ) ( r )
e z ( r ) (er e )
r 2er , z rz 0 E 1
1
er r , ez erz 0
E
Dimensionless Stress
θ /p
r1
p
r2
r /p
r/r
Dimensionless Distance,
2
r/r2
r1
p
r1 T
r12 r12
r p1 2 , p1 2 , z 0
r r
1 p1r12 r12 r12
ur r T 1 2 , T 1 2
E r r r
max ( ) max (r1 ) 2T
a 6a 4a T a 2 T 3a 4 4a 2
r a3 (1 2 log r ) 2a 2 12 (2a 21 423 224 ) cos 2 r 1 2 1 4 2 cos 2
r r r 2 r 2 r r
a 6a T a 2 T 3a 4
a3 (3 2 log r ) 2a 2 12 (2a 21 12a 22 r 4 423 ) cos 2 1 2 1 4 cos 2
r r 2 r 2 r
6a 2a T 3a 4 2a 2
r (2a 21 6a 22 r 2 423 224 ) sin 2 r 1 4 2 sin 2
r r 2 r r
x
r
T 3a 4 2a 2
r 1 4 2 sin 2
2 r r
90 3
120 60
2
(a, ) / T
150 30
1 (a, ) / T
180 0
240 300 r
( , )/T
270 a 2
T1
= +
T1
T2
Tension/Compression Case
Equal Biaxial Tension Case T1 = T , T2 = -T
T1 = T2 = T
3a 4 4a 2
r12 r12 r T 1 4 2 cos 2
r T 1 2 , T 1 2 r r
r r 3a 4
max ( ) max (r1 ) 2T T 1 4 cos 2
r
3a 4 2a 2
r T 1 4 2 sin 2
r r
(a,0) (a, ) 4T , (a, / 2) (a,3 / 2) 4T
T a T
r1 T
x
K=2 K=3
T
T T
45o
T T
= T T
x S
y
a x
b
25
15 ()max/S
10
5
Circular Case
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Eccentricity Parameter, b/a
x(0,y)/S
S S
Orthotropic Case Carbon/Epoxy
x
Isotropic Case
y
1 Eqa a a 3
sin
2 k r r 3
x
1 Eqa a a 3
cos
a
r
2 k r r 3
Eqa
max (a, ) sin
k
max (a, / 2) Eqa / k
n
r b/a = 20
E (r ) Eo
a = 0.25 3.5
n = -0.2
b/a = 20
n = 0 (homogeneous case) 3 = 0.25
K
n = 0.2
1.5
1
-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
Power Law Exponent, n
x a
27 15 ( z ) max
N o r m a li z e d S t re s s in L o a d in g D i r e c t io n
2.2
2.15
2.5 2
2
1.5 1.95
1 Three Dimensional Case: z(r,0)/S , = 0.3
1.9
0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Poisson's Ratio
Dimensionless Dis tance, r/a
S
r ( 2 cos 2 sin 2)
(r , / 2) 0 2 2 2
r (r , / 2) S S
S
( 2 cos 2 sin 2)
2 2 2
r S
r (1 cos 2 sin 2)
x 2 2
(r ,0) r (r ,0) 0
2Y ( x 2 y 2 ) 2
r sin or in Cartesian
r 2Yy 3
y r sin 2
r 0 components ( x 2 y 2 ) 2
2Yxy 2
xy r sin cos
( x 2 y 2 ) 2
Y
r = constant
xy/(Y/a)
Dimensionless Stress
y=a
y/(Y/a)
y y 2Y / a
0.1
On Free Surface y = 0 0
Y -0.1
u r ( r ,0) ur ( r, ) (1 )
2E
-0.2
Y -0.3
-0.5
-0.6
-0.5 0 0.5
P ur
u ( r ,0) [(1 ) 2 log r ] 4R R 2 R z 2R R Rz
E
(1 2) P z R
P z 2
uz 2(1 ) 2 2R R R z
2
3-D Solution eliminates the 4R R
3Pz 3 3P rz 2
unbounded far-field behavior u 0 z , rz
2R 5 2R 5
x 2Y
x r cos 2 sin cos 2
2
a a 1 r
2Y
y r sin 2 sin 3
r
2Y
xy r sin cos sin 2 cos
r
2p
y d x cos 2 d
dx
dY = pdx = prd /sin 2p
d y sin 2 d
r
2p
d
d xy sin cos d
2 p 2 p
1
x cos 2
d [2( 2 1 ) (sin 2 2 sin 21 )]
2
2 p 2 2 p
y
1
sin d [2( 2 1 ) (sin 2 2 sin 21 )]
2
2p 2 p
xy
1
sin cos d
2
[cos 22 cos 21 ]
0.45
xy /p
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
Distributed Loading
y/p
0.2 max/p
0.15
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dimensionless Distance, y / a
max - Contours
a a
t(s)
2y a p( s )( x s ) 2 2 a t ( s)( x s ) 3
x
2
a [( x s ) y ] 2 2
ds
a [( x s ) 2 y 2 ]2
ds
2 y3 a p( s) 2y2 a t ( s )( x s)
y
a [( x s ) 2 y 2 ]2
ds
a [( x s ) 2 y 2 ]2
ds
2y2 a p( s )( x s ) 2y a t ( s )( x s ) 2
xy
2
a [( x s ) y ] 2 2
s
a [( x s ) 2 y 2 ]2
ds
r
x Stress Free Faces
= 2 -
Try Stress Function: r [ A sin B cos C sin( 2) D cos( 2)]
( 1)r 2 [ A sin B cos C sin( 2) D cos( 2)]
r ( 1)r 2 [ A cos B sin C ( 2) cos( 2) D ( 2) sin( 2)]
3 1 3 3 5
r A(sin 5 sin ) B (cos cos )
4 r 2 2 2 3 2
r 3 1 3 3
A(sin 3 sin ) B (cos cos )
4 r 2
x Stress Free Faces 2 2 2
= 2 - 3 1 3 3 1
r A(cos cos ) B (sin sin )
4 r 2 2 2 3 2
3 A B
r cos (3 cos ) sin (1 3 cos )
2 r 2 2 r 2
3 A 3B
Transform to Variable cos (1 cos ) sin (1 cos )
2 r 2 2 r 2
3 A B
r sin (1 cos ) cos (1 3 cos )
2 r 2 2 r 2
Mode I (Maximum shear stress contours) Mode II (Maximum shear stress contours)
r ●
x
Stresses Again O r
1 / 2
b/a = 4
Stress , a2/M
b
Theory of Elasticity
a r
M M Strength of Materials
r (a ) r (b) 0
r (a ) r (b) 0
Dimensionless
b
dr 0
a
b
rdr M
a
4M a 2b2 b r a
r [ 2 log( ) b 2 log( ) a 2 log( )]
N r a b r
2 2
4M a b b r a
[ 2 log( ) b 2 log( ) a 2 log( ) b 2 a 2 ]
N r a b r
r 0
r
= /2 b/a = 4
r ( a, ) r (b, ) 0
Theory of Elasticity
r ( a, ) r (b, ) 0 Strength of Materials
b
a
r ( r ,0)dr P
D
=
P
Flamant Solution (1)
+ +
2P
(x2) cos 2 sin 2 2 P
r2
2P 2P ( R y ) x 2 ( R y ) x 2 1
(y2) cos3 2 x
r2 r14 r24 D
2P
(xy2 ) cos 2 2 sin 2 2P ( R y )3 ( R y)3 1
r2 y
r14 r24 D
2P (R y)2 x (R y)2 x
2P xy
(x3) (y3) , (xy3) 0 r14 r24
D
r1, 2 x 2 ( R y ) 2
P P
Four-Contact Grain
(Courtesy of URI Dynamic Photomechanics Lab)
Generates:
- Contact Area (w)
- Interface Tractions (pc)
- Local Stresses in Each Body
pc
w
2 a 1 x a
a
y uy
E -a p( s ) log x s ds
2 E -a
t ( s ) ds x
t ( s ) ds 2
du x 1
p ( x)
dx E
Frictionless Case (t = 0) du y 2 a p( s)
E -a x s
ds
dx
P
a a x Solution p ( x)
a2 x2
uy 1
ux P sin 1 ( x / a ) , x a
E
y 2 x x2
1/ 2
uy log 2 1 u yo , x a
E a a
P
Unbounded Stresses p( x)
a2 x2
2 Py a ( x s) 2
at Edges of Indenter
Frictionless Rigid Punch Loading on a Half-Space
x
x 2
a 2 2
a s [( x s ) y ] 2 2 2
ds
2 Py 3 a 1
y 2
a 2 2
a s [( x s ) y ] 2 2 2
ds
2 Py 2 a ( x s)
Max Shear
Stress Contours y
xy 2
a 2 2
a s [( x s) y ] 2 2 2
ds
P a p( s) E
R
2
u y proportional to x / 2 R -a x s ds
2R
x
x
a a Solution
uy 2P 4 PR
p ( x) a2 x2 a2
y a 2 E
2P 2 2 4 Py a a 2 s 2 ( x s) 2
p( x)
a 2
a x x 2 2
a
a [( x s ) 2 y 2 ]2
ds
4 Py 3 a a2 s2
x
-a a
Elliptical Distributed Normal Loading on a Half-Space y 2 2 ds
a a [( x s ) 2 y 2 ]2
4 Py 2 a a 2 s 2 ( x s)
xy 2 2
a a [( x s ) 2 y 2 ]2
ds
Max Shear
Stress Contours y