Kamala Education Society’s

Pratibha College of Commerce & Computer Studies,

Chinchwad, Pune-19
A

PROJECT REPORT ON
“BUS BOOKING SYSTEAM”
Developed by
SHUBHAM BALU SATKAR(3601)
Exam No. – 11155
Msc.Msc (Computer Science)
under Guidance Of
Prof. Harshita Vachhani
Savitribai Phule, Pune University
(2019-2020).

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 Kamala Education Society’s
Pratibha College of Commerce & Computer Studies,
Chinchwad, Pune-19
For Academic year 2018-2019

Certificate
This is to certify that the report of project titled “BUS
BOOKING SYSTEAM” is the bonafide record of the work
executed by Mr.SHUBHAM BALU SATKAR(3601) of fourth
semester INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PROJECT, as partial
fulfilment for the award of Master in Computer Science course
under Savitribai PhulePune University during the academic
year 2018-2019.

___ _ _
Project
Guide Head of Department Principal

Internal External Industrial Expert

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 Examiner Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take pleasure in presenting my project work done for The S_CORP

Since last five to six months. The training period was an enriching
experience for me from professional as well as personal front for getting
an opportunity to familiarize myself to the world’s best IT industry.
I am thankful to my project guide Mr.Shubham Kumar who keeps
monitoring my project continuously to complete it in time as per the
expectations of the course.
From bottom of my heart, I must appreciate and express my gratitude
towards the efforts taken by Mr.Shubham Kumar CEO of The
S_CORP for providing technical support all the time.
I would like to thank our Director Mr.Shubham Kumar, who gave me
a very bright learning opportunity, during my course to prove my ability
and skills.
I would like to thank Prof. Harshita Vachhani for providing all the
necessary facilities at college during the development of this project.
Last but not least I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude towards
staff members of Pratibha College of Commerce And Computer
Studies, my colleague and friends for the moral and technical support
throughout the duration of the project.

Yours Sincerely,
Mr.SHUBHAM BALU SATKAR

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declared that the project entitled “BUS BOOKING

SYSTEAM” which is concern about various facilities.

As far as I know this project has not been busried out by

anybody else in the partial fulfilment of syllabus S.Y.M.Sc.
(computer science) course.

Project By:
Mr.Shubham Balu Satkar

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 INDEX

Sr.No. Content Page No.

1 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 05
1.1 Company Profile 06
1.2 Introduction 07
1.3 Existing System 08
2 CHAPTER 2 : PROPOSED SYSTEM 09
2.1 Problem statement 10
2.2 Product position statement 10
2.3 Product overview 10
2.4 Summary of capabilities 10
2.5 Assumptions and dependencies 11
2.6 Objectives of proposed system 11
2.7 Functional requirements 12
2.8 Nonfunctional requirements 13
2.9 Stakeholder summary 13
2.10 Users summary 13
2.11 Operating environment 15
3 CHAPTER 3 : REQUIREMENT DETERMINATION AND 16
ANALYSIS

3.1 Fact finding method 17

3.2 Feasibility study 19
4 CHAPTER 4 : SYSTEM ANALYSIS & DESIGN 22

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 Introduction

Today we live in the age of information communication

and technology (ICT). We cannot imagine a moment
without technology. From morning to night we need help
from the technology. This is the revolutionary time of
computer technology. Most works depend on web
application. For this reason, anyone can access a website
anytime, anywhere via the Internet at a low cost and we
can find our expected and most current information from
the website. Today, information is one of the most
valuable resources in the world today. We have
developed our project so that we can make people aware
A lot of project work has been done on the BUS
BOOKING system. Currently, Online Bus booking or new
bus websites are available. But most of this website is
static and traditional. There is no function that can make
people aware. This is why we did this project. Our project
has many features that people can notice. By using this
website you can get more and more information that
helps people in. It is a dynamic system. It is easy to
maintain and change because it is based on a database. It
is completely secured against unauthorized access. In
short, our Online website is a fully dynamic website.

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 COMPANY PROFILE

Name of the company : The S_CORP

• Company Profile
• Company Name: The S_CORP
The S_CORP is a leading global technology services
provider providing business solutions to its customers.
Pawar S_CORP founded the information technology
service provider more than 1 years ago. We have customers
in the education, manufacturing, financial services,
healthbuse, communications, energy, transportation and
consumer and retail sectors, and to governments around the
world. world. We have developed various software series
and today we are exploring new avenues such as ERP
module, full web and internet promotions, SMS API
Solution Consultant and many new top features.

• What we offer
• As a trusted company of our customers, we provide the best
solutions for executives to maximize the return on their IT
investments. Our in-depth industry knowledge enables us to
deliver innovative ideas that help improve productivity and
safety. We honor our commitments so that customers can
build strong relationships with us, achieve profitable
growth and win in the market.
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 • Which team exists?
• S_CORP has over 10+ people serving more than 16
customers in India. S_CORP. recognizes that its most
important asset and success factor is its employees. We
value the different skills, backgrounds, experiences and
perspectives in our global community and recognize these
qualities as a competitive differentiator in the market. Our
business teams help clients meet complex business
challenges. S_CORP team grows forward with innovation,
technology mix and analytical skills.

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 Existing System

A BUS Booking Systeam is a vehicle that can be used

temporarily for a fee during a specified period. Getting a
rental bus helps people get around despite the fact they do
not have access to their own personal vehicle or don't
own a vehicle at all. The individual who needs a bus
must contact a rental bus company and contract out for a
vehicle. This system increases customer retention and
simplify vehicle and staff management.

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 Scope Of System

This project traverses a lot of areas ranging from business

concept to computing field, and required to perform several
researches to be able to achieve the project objectives. The area
covers include:

 Bus rental industry: This includes study on how the Bus rental
business is being done, process involved and opportunity that
exist for improvement.
 PHP Technology used for the development of the application.
 General customers as well as the company’s staff will be able
to use the system effectively.
 Web-platform means that the system will be available for
access 24/7 except when there is a temporary server issue
which is expected to be minimal.

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 Details Description of Technology Used

PHP
PHP is an acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Pre-processor" PHP is
a widely-used, open source scripting language
PHP scripts are executed on the server

What is a PHP File?

 PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and
PHP code
 PHP code are executed on the server, and the result is
returned to the browser as plain HTML
 PHP files have extension ".php"

What Can PHP Do?

 PHP can generate dynamic page content
 PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files
on the server
 PHP can collect form data
 PHP can send and receive cookies
 PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database
 PHP can be used to control user-access
 PHP can encrypt data

With PHP you are not limited to output HTML. You can output
images, PDF files, and even Flash movies. You can also output
any text, such as XHTML and XML.
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Why PHP?
 PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix,
etc.)
 PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today PHP
supports a wide range of databases
 PHP is free. Download PHP is easy to learn and runs
efficiently on the server side

HTML
HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.
 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
 HTML describes the structure of Web pages using markup
 HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages
 HTML elements are represented by tags
 HTML tags label pieces of content such as "heading",
"paragraph", "table", and so on
 Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to
render the content of the page
 The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines this document
to be HTML5
 The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
 The <head> element contains meta information about the
document

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  The <title> element specifies a title for the document
 The <body> element contains the visible page content
 The <h1> element defines a large heading
 The <p> element defines a paragraph

SQL
SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating
databases.

What is SQL?
 SQL stands for Structured Query Language
 SQL lets you access and manipulate databases
 SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
standard

What Can SQL do?

 SQL can execute queries against a database
 SQL can retrieve data from a database
 SQL can insert records in a database
 SQL can update records in a database
 SQL can delete records from a database
 SQL can create new databases
 SQL can create new tables in a database
 SQL can create stored procedures in a database
 SQL can create views in a database
 SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views

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SQL is a Standard - BUT....
Although SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards
Institute) standard, there are different versions of the SQL
language.

However, to be compliant with the ANSI standard, they all

support at least the major commands (such as SELECT,
UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT, WHERE) in a similar manner.

Note: Most of the SQL database programs also have their

own proprietary extensions in addition to the SQL standard!

Using SQL in Your Web Site

To build a web site that shows data from a database, you will
need:
 An RDBMS database program (i.e. MS Access, SQL
Server, MySQL)
 To use a server-side scripting language, like PHP or ASP
 To use SQL to get the data you want
 To use HTML / CSS to style the page

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CSS
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets.

CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on

screen, paper, or in other media.

CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple

web pages all at once.

CSS can be added to HTML elements in 3 ways:

 Inline - by using the style attribute in HTML elements
 Internal - by using a <style> element in the <head>
section
 External - by using an external CSS file

The most common way to add CSS, is to keep the styles in

separate CSS files. However, here we will use inline and
internal styling, because this is easier to demonstrate, and easier
for you to try it yourself.

Bootstrap
 Bootstrap is a free front-end framework for faster and
easier web development
 Bootstrap includes HTML and CSS based design templates
for typography, forms, buttons, tables, navigation, modals,

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 image busousels and many other, as well as optional
JavaScript plugins
 Bootstrap also gives you the ability to easily create
responsive designs

Why Use Bootstrap?

Advantages of Bootstrap:
 Easy to use: Anybody with just basic knowledge of HTML
and CSS can start using Bootstrap
 Responsive features: Bootstrap's responsive CSS adjusts
to phones, tablets, and desktops
 Mobile-first approach: In Bootstrap 3, mobile-first styles
are part of the core framework
 Browser compatibility: Bootstrap is compatible with all
modern browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer,
Safari, and Opera)

JQuery
JQuery is a lightweight, "write less, do more", and
JavaScript library.
The purpose of JQuery is to make it much easier to use
JavaScript on your website.

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JQuery takes a lot of common tasks that require many lines
of JavaScript code to accomplish, and wraps them into
methods that you can call with a single line of code.
JQuery also simplifies a lot of the complicated things from
JavaScript, like AJAX calls and DOM manipulation.
The JQuery library contains the following features:
 HTML/DOM manipulation
 CSS manipulation
 HTML event methods
 Effects and animations
 AJAX
 Utilities

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 PROPOSED SYSTEM

1. Problem statements

Renting a bus is a vehicle that can be used temporarily against

payment for a certain period of time. Renting a rental bus helps

people to move, despite the fact that they don't have access to

their own personal vehicle or own no vehicle at all. The person

who needs a bus should contact a bus rental company and

outsource a vehicle. This system increases customer

retention

and simplifies vehicle and personnel management.

2. Product position statement

System Helps to manage their data and images and visitors data and

provides more functionality that keep all data available by 24*7*365 any

wherewithout any cost. And It will provide huge amount of data to all

users and peoples.

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 2.3 Product overview

The developer has required a system that maintains their codes as well

as keeps the record of the how many people are interested in their

special categoryandcontent. This software manage all information about

Bus rates ,price, and customer It also provides the encryption tools to

encrypte special data etc.

2.4 Summary of capabilities

This software manages all the information about the programs. It also

stores daily information from bus and visitors. What is the website they

visited. It also stores information from your browser, details, IP address

and location of users. It has a powerful tool for creating validated forms.

And encryption tools are provided for all special characters or any text.

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5. Assumptions and dependencies

 The registration of the member’s is not managed

by the Administrator.
 The Members, Admin, users must have proper login id
and password so that only authorized have proper access to the
system.
6. Objectives of proposed system

 To produce a web-based system that allow customer to register and

reserve Bus online and for the company to effectively manage their
Bus rental business.
 To ease customer’s task whenever they need to rent a BUS.

2.7 Functional requirements

Requirement analysis is a software engineering technique that is

composed of the various tasks that determine the needs or conditions
that are to be met for a new or altered product, taking into consideration
the possible conflicting requirements of the various users.

Functional requirements are those requirements that are used to illustrate

the internal working nature of the system, the description of the system,
and explanation of each subsystem. It consists of what task the system

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should perform, the processes involved, which data should the system
holds and the interfaces with the user. The functional requirements
identified are:

a. Customer’s registration: The system should allow new users to

register online and generate membership busd.
b. Online reservation of Bus: Customers should be able to use the
system to make booking and online reservation.
c. Automatic update to database once reservation is made or new
customer registered: Whenever there’s new reservation or new
registration, the system should be able update the database without
any additional efforts from the admin.
d. Feedbacks to customers: It should provide means for customers to
leave feedback.

2.8 Non-functional requirements

It describes aspects of the system that are concerned with how the
system provides the functional requirements. They are:
a. Security: The subsystem should provide a high level of security and
integrity of the data held by the system, only authorized personnel of
the company can gain access to the company’s secured page on the
system; and only users with valid password and username can login

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 to view user’s page.
b. Performance and Response time: The system should have high
performance rate when executing user’s input and should be able to
provide feedback or response within a short time span usually 50
seconds for highly complicated task and 20 to 25 seconds for less
complicated task.
c. Error handling: Error should be considerably minimized and an
appropriate error message that guides the user to recover from an
error should be provided. Validation of user’s input is highly
essential. Also the standard time taken to recover from an error should
be 15 to 20 seconds.
d. Availability: This system should always be available for access at 24
hours, 7 days a week. Also in the occurrence of any major system
malfunctioning, the system should be available in 1 to 2 working
days, so that the business process is not severely affected.
e. Ease of use: Considered the level of knowledge possessed by the
users of this system, a simple but quality user interface should be
developed to make it easy to understand and required less training.

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2.9 Stakeholder summary
Name Represents Role

THE Owner of This is the organization

S_CORP System that is owner of

this
Solution Pvt. system and has all rights

Ltd
aboutsystem and its

sales rights.

2.10 Users summary

The Administrator is a user of system who can manage members, and

their codes &visitors customize the system and can use all the

functionalities provided by the system.

The admin can use various functionalities provided by this system. like

Encryption Tool and, BlogsDesigns, etc.

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The Member Can access the various functionalities provided by the

system tool for designing the Blogs.

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 System Requirement

“HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
 233 MHz processor.
 128 MB SD-RAM
 2 – 4 GB Hard-Disk.
 4x Compact Disk drive or quicker.
 1.44 MB Floppy Disk Drive.
 Monitor. [ 640 x 480 Display ]

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
 Front End – HTML, CSS, Bootstrap, JQuery, Ajax .
 Back End – PHP, MySQL
 Server – Apache Server 2.0
 Design Tool – Macromedia Dreamweaver 12.0
 Documentation Tools – Microsoft Word

Web Requirements
 Bandwidth – 1mbps(minimum)
 Internet – 512 kbps(minimum)
 Internet Explorer 8.0 or any browser

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 Objectives Of Propose System
The advancement in Information Technology and internet penetration
has greatly enhanced various business processes and communication
between companies (services provider) and their customers of which bus
rental industry is not left out. This E-Bus Rental System is developed to
provide the following services:

 Enhance Business Processes: To be able to use internet technology to

project the rental company to the global world instead of limiting
their services to their local domain alone, thus increase their return on
investment (ROI).
 Online Vehicle Reservation: A tools through which customers can
reserve available buss online prior to their expected pick-up date or
time.
 Customer’s registration: A registration portal to hold customer’s
details, monitor their transaction and used same to offer better and
improve services to them.
 Group bookings: Allows the customer to book space for a group in
the case of weddings or corporate meetings (Event management).

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 Feasibility Study

i. Technical Feasibility
ii. Economical Feasibility
iii. Operational Feasibility

iv.Technical Feasibility:-
Proposed system is very much technically feasible because it can be
developed using existing software and hardware. This evaluation
determines whether the technology needed for the proposed system is
available or not.

The software’s required to build, maintain and upgrade the system

are available for free. Open source package such as Android and java
can be combined to make the system more cost effective. In addition,
due to the easy availability of such software’s the system is Technically
Feasible.

ii. Economic Feasibility:-

The cost overhead include software and hardware
maintenance cost, operating cost and includes cost required for
man power, electricity etc. The proposed system will provide the

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 right type of the information at right time, and in the required
format.
This feasibility checks whether the system can be developed
with the available funds. With the use of open source software the
maintenance cost can be brought down to zero. Hence a lot of
money is saved to provide economical feasibility. The total cost of
developing, maintaining and using this system is meagre. Hence
this system is economically feasible.
This will save time required for accessing information and
routine operation, which will result in business growth. Consisting
all these advantage, the cost overheads of the system are
negligible.

iii. Operational Feasibility:-

The proposed system is easy to use, so the user will operate

this application. This application is user friendly. This will save
time required for accessing information and routine operation,
which will result in business growth. Consisting all these
advantage, the cost overheads of the system are negligible.

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 System Analysis and System Design

DFD Diagram

A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation that depicts

the information flow and the transforms that are applied as data
moves from input to output.

EMAIL FOR RESERVED BUS

BUS RESERVED

RESERVE A BUS EMAIL FOR RESERVED BUS

NEW
REGISTRATION ADD
ONLINE BUS CUSTOMER BUS RENTAL
CUSTOMER RENTAL COMPANY
. SYSTEM
LOGIN REQUEST
TRANSACTION
REPORTS
AUTHENTICATION

REGISTRATION CONFIRMATION

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 Use Case Diagram

Actor and use case description shows the detail description of

interaction between the actors and their use cases. The description
enables to have a proper understanding of how actor interacts with the
system through their use cases.

Register as member Add new bus

Staff
Make reservation Update bus details
Customer

Process rental
<<extend>>
Return bus
Reply to
customer's
Give feedback/
comments

Admin

View report

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 Activity Diagram
Activity diagrams graphically represent the sequential business and
operational workflows of a system. It is a dynamic diagram that shows
the activity and the event that causes the object to be in the particular
state. The workflows from activity diagram will serve as guide for
system navigation in the final design phase of the system.

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 Member Registration
Customer E-Bus Rental System
Start

Enter details
[Yes]

Enter username and

password

Accept terms & [No]

conditions Username exist?

Confirm and
submit
Display customer's
welcome screen

Send email
confirmation

End

Figure 6.1: Register as member

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Profile Modification

Customer E-Bus Rental

Start

[No]

Login Valid?

Navigate to Edit [Yes]

Profile

Modify your profile

Confirm and submit

Update database

Send confirmation
notification

Log out

End

Figure 5.2: Modify profile

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 Reservation of Bus

Customer E-Bus Rental System

Start

Choose pickup
location

Choose pick up date

and time

Choose return
location

Choose return date

and time

Choose vehicle class

Choose from Display available

available bus buss

[No]
Member?

Login
Register

[No]
Valid?

[Yes]
merge

Confirm

Redirect to payment
gateway

Send confirmation

End

Figure 6.3: Make Reservation

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 Customer Feedback

Customer E-Bus Rental

Start System

Enter your details

Enter your message/remark

Submit feedback

Send notification

End

Figure 6.4: Give feedback/comment

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 Payment of Bus Rent

Staff

Start

Provide member id

Check rental detail

[Yes]
Overdue?

[No]
Pay late charges
Merge

Confirm return

Update database

End

Figure 6.5: Rent a Bus

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 Adding a New Bus

Staff E-Bus Rental System

Login

[No]

Login
Valid?

[Yes]

Enter bus details

Add to inventory

Update status

End

Figure 6.6: Add a New Bus

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View Report

Admin E-Bus Rental System

Start

Login
[No]

Valid?

[Yes]
Specify report to view

Confirm and submit

Retrieve report

End

Figure 6.7: View report

SEQUENCE DIAGRAMS
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Sequence Diagram
Sequence diagrams are used to demonstrate the behavior of objects in a
use case by describing the objects and the messages they pass. It
provides a graphical representation of object interactions over time.
Sequence diagrams show an actor, the objects and components they
interact with in the execution of a use case. One sequence diagram
represents a single Use Case 'scenario' or events. Sequence diagrams
show the flow of messages from one object to another, and as such
correspond to the methods and events supported by an object.

Member Registration

Customer: Interface: Control:c Customer

Ola "reg 008 Database:"db
001" 01"
Enter details

Enter username
Check
username
Enter password
Read and accept
terms
Confirm and Validate
Submit Update
registration
database

Figure 7.1: Register as member

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 Reservation of Bus

Customer: Interface:i0 Control:c008 CarDatabase CustDataba Payment:"VI

Ola 02 :"d b se:" SA card"
001" Data 1"
Choose pick up location

Choose pick up date and time Choose return

location

Choose return date and time

Choose vehicle class

Display available cars

Login/register
Pass to control
Check username and
password
Show cusotmer
info
Confirm and Redirect to payment
Submit gateway
Enter payment
detail Proce payment
ss

Figure 7.2: Make reservation

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 Customer Feedback

Feedback System:"sys 01" Database:"db

Customer:ola 001"
page:i001

Enter details

Enter feedback message

Confirm and submit
Accept feedback

Add to database
Send confirmation

Figure 7.3: Give feedback

7.1.4 Adding a New Bus

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 New Bus page: P001
Control:Admin Database:"db
staff:John Handler 01

Login
Pass to control
Check validity

provide admin page

Enter new bus details

Confirm and submit

Pass to control
Add to database

Log out
Close session

Figure
7.4: Add new bus

Feedback Response

Staff:John Interface:i001 Control:Feed Database:"db

Handler 01"

Login
Check validity
Get staff info
Select feedback

Display feedback
Respond to feedback

Log out
End session

Figure 7.5: Respond to feedback

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Return Bus and Check Rental Details

Interface:i001 Database:"db
Customer:ola Staff:john 01"

Provide member id

Check rental details

Confirm if overdue
Process rental

Update database

Figure 7.6: Return bus

View Report

Report page: Report Control: Database:"db

P002 c008 01"
Admin:Kabir

Login
Check validity

Specify report

Retrieve report
Log out

End session

Figure 7.7: View report

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 ERD DIAGRAM

The ERD diagram is the main building block, a number of classes are 
identified and grouped together in a class diagram which helps to
determine the statically relations between those objects.

Automation notify
provides 1
Distance chart - name : string 1 alert
1..*
- source : string get () provide () alert () respond to
Feedback
- destination : 1 notify () 1..* 1..*
1
- id : int Staff
get () provide () - custName : string
- custEmail : string - sid : char
1notify - sname : string
1..* send () respond () - position : string
- mobile : int
Reservation Customer
1..* 1 addbus () modifyInfo ()
- userId : string gives add
- rid : int 1..*
- pickdate : date makes 1..* - custName : string
- cusAddr : string 1..*
- returndate : date 1..* 1
- pickloc : string - mobile : int 1..* add
- VehicleClass : string - email : string Bus 1
Admin
1..* register () login () 1 - PlateNo : string
reserve () search() rent
reservation () - BusName : string - Id : string
1 - busType : string - name : string
1..* - rent : double
makes makes add () modify ()
add () modify () view ()
1..* reserve ()
1..* Return
1
Payment - id : int
- retdate : date process View
- id : int
- amount : double 1..*
- custName : string update () Report

pay () confirm () - id : int

- date : date
Early return - title : string
Late return
1..*
- lateCharge : double generate ()
confirm () print ()
save ()
pay ()
confirm ()

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 SCREEN SHORTS

1.Admin Login:-

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2.About us:-

3.ContactUs:-

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5.Booking info

6.Bus Booking

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8.AdminDashboard:-

9.Sign up for user:-

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10.Sucessfully Subscriber message and Valdition:-

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12.Updation of password

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 Testing

Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide

stakeholders with information about the quality of the product
or service under test. Software testing can also provide an
objective, independent view of the software to allow the
business to appreciate and understand the risks of software
implementation. Test techniques include, but are not limited to,
the process of executing a program or application with the intent
of finding software bugs (errors or other defects).
It involves the execution of a software component or system
component to evaluate one or more properties of interest. In
general, these properties indicate the extent to which the
component or system under test:
 meets the requirements that guided its design and
development,
 responds correctly to all kinds of inputs,
 performs its functions within an acceptable time,
is
sufficiently usable,
can be installed and run in its intended environments, and
achieves the general result its stakeholder’s desire.
As the number of possible tests for even simple software
components is practically infinite, all software testing uses
some strategy to select tests that are feasible for the available
time and
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resources. As a result, software testing typically (but not
exclusively) attempts to execute a program or application with
the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects).
Software testing can provide objective, independent information
about the quality of software and risk of its failure to users
and/or sponsors.
Software testing can be conducted as soon as executable
software (even if partially complete) exists. The overall
approach to software development often determines when and
how testing is conducted. For example, in a phased process,
most testing occurs after system requirements have been defined
and then implemented in testable programs. In contrast, under
an Agile approach, requirements, programming, and testing are
often done concurrently
Black Box Testing
 Black-box testing focuses on the functional requirement of
the software, i.e. Black- box testing enables the software
engineer to derive sets of input conditions that will fully
exercise all functional requirements for a program.
Black-box testing attempts to find errors in the following
categories.

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Incorrect or missing functions o Interface errors o Errors in
data structures or external database access o Performance
errors o Initialization and termination errors.
 White Box Testing
White-box testing sometimes called glass-box testing is a test
case design method that uses the control structure of the
procedural design to derive test cases. Using white-box testing
methods, the software engineer can derive test cases that
guarantee that all independent paths within a module have been
exercised at least once.
Exercise all logical decisions on their true and false sides.
Exercise all loops at their boundaries and within their
operational bounds Exercise internal data structures to assure
their validity. In this process we analyse sets of inputs needed
to satisfy each and every function.

 Unit Testing
Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of
software design that is the module. Using procedural design
description as a guide, important control paths are tested to
uncover errors within the boundaries of the module. The unit
test is normally white box testing oriented and the step can
be

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conducted in parallel for multiple modules. In this we
checked whether a specific function is doing its intended task
or not.

 Validation Testing
At the end of testing software is completely assembled as a
package. Validation testing is the next stage, which can be
defined as successful when the software functions in the
manner reasonably expected by the customer. Reasonable
expectations are those defined in the software requirements
specifications.
Information contained in those sections form a basis for
validation testing approach.
 System Testing
System testing is actually a series of different tests whose
primary purpose is to fully exercise the computer-based system.
Although each test has a different purpose, all work to verify
that all system elements have been
properly integrated to perform allocated functions.
In this we tested weather a different software and hardware
elements of a system working properly or not, such as mouse is
giving right input to input module or not.

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 CONCLUSION

Bus rental business has emerged with a new goodies compared to the
past experience where every activity concerning bus rental business is
limited to a physical location only. Even though the physical location
has not been totally eradicated; the nature of functions and how these
functions are achieved has been reshaped by the power of internet.
Nowadays, customers can reserve buss online, rent bus online, and have
the bus brought to their door step once the customer is a registered
member or go to the office to pick the bus.

The web based bus rental system has offered an advantage to both
customers as well as Bus Rental Company to efficiently and effectively
manage the business and satisfies customers’ need at the click of a
button

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 Bibliography

Before, during and after the development of the computerized

system we refer some books which guide me for program
development, coding, drawing graphic representation etc. List of
such books is specified below:

Reference books:-

 Learning PHP, MySQL, JavaScript and CSS:A step-by-

Step Guide to creating Dynamic Website –By Robin Nixon
 PHP:A Beginner’s Guide –By VikramVaswani

Web Site:-
 www.W3school.com
 www.php.net
 https://Stackoverflow.com

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