HUMAN RIGHTS

WHAT IS HUMAN RIGHTS?

According to the U.N:

• Refer to the basic standards or fundamental freedoms and liberties inherent
or inalienable to all human beings – whatever their race, sex, gender, social
class, age, disability, religion, political affiliation, creed, or other
characteristics of background or group membership.
 CORE CHARACTERISTIC OF HUMAN RIGHT

• Universal and
Nondiscriminatory Human rights are innate to all human beings
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MAJOR CATEGORIES OF
HUMAN RIGHT
CIVIL RIGHTS
• Include the right to life, liberty, and personal security.
• Right to be equal before the law.
• Right to be protected from arbitrary arrest
• Right to due process of law
• Right to fair trial
• Right to practice religious freedom
• Right of every child to be registered, have a name and nationality
POLITICAL RIGHTS

Guarantee an individuals involvement in public affairs, Involves;

• Right to speech and expression
• Right to assembly and association
• Right to vote and participate in political affairs
ECONOMIC RIGHTS

• Right to work and fair remuneration

• Right to form trade unions
• Right to social security
SOCIAL RIGHTS

• Right to a family
• Right to education
• Right to health
• Right to be protected
CULTURAL RIGHTS

• Right to benefits of culture

• Right to indigenous land, rituals, and practices
• Right to speak one’s own language
• Right to mother tongue
 THE INTERNATIONAL BILL OF HUMAN
RIGHTS

• The severe atrocities of the World War 2 became the reason why the TIBHR
was founded.
• Eleanor Roosevelt, Rene Cassin, and Joseph Malik.
 rtic Article 7: Rights to equality before the law

Article 1: Right to Equality Article 8: Right to remedy by competent tribunal

Article 2: Freedom from Discrimination Article 9: Freedom from arbitrary arrest and exile

Article 3: Right to life, liberty, and personal Article 10: Right to fair public hearing
security

Civil and Political Rights Article 11: Right to be innocent until proven guilty
(Articles 4 – 21)

Article 4: Freedom from Slavery Article 12: Freedom from interference with privacy,
family, home, and correspondence

Article 5: Freedom from torture and degrading Article 13: Right to free movement in and out of
treatment country

Article 6: Right to recognition as a person before Article 14: Right to asylum in other countries from
the law persecution
Article 15: Right to a nationality and freedom to Article 24: right to rest and leisure
change it
Article 16: Right to marriage and family Article 25: right to adequate living standard

Article 17: Right to own property Article 26: Right to education

Article 18: Freedom of belief and religion Article 27: Right to participate in the cultural life of
the community
Article 19: Freedom of opinion and information Concluding Articles
(Articles 28 – 30)
Article 20: Right of peaceful assembly and Article 28: Right to Social Order that articulates
association this document
Article 21: Right to participate in government and Article 29: Community duties essential to free and
in free elections full development
Article 22: Right to Social Security Article 30: Freedom from state and personal
interference in the above rights.
Article 23: right to desirable work and trade unions
The INHR protects people against abuse by power, to ensure that this is
observed, UN provided that government shall be the primary bearers in
respecting, protecting, and fulfilling human rights.
OTHER MAJOR HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES

• Convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide (1948)

• Geneva Convention I-IV (1949)
• Convention and Protocol relating to the Status of refugees (1951 and 1967)
• International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women
(1979)
• Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment
(1948)
• Convention of the Rights of the Child (1989)
• International convention on the Protection of the rights of all migrant
workers and members of their families (1990)
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)
• Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
• Convention on the Rights of persons with Disabilities
 RESTRICTIONS, LIMITATIONS, AND
SUSPENSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
There are times when the exercise of certain rights may be restricted, limited,
or suspended. However this constraint cannot be arbitrarily imposed without
lawfully complying with the following requirements.
• It shall be defined by law
• It must be imposed for one or more specific purposes.
• It must be suitable and necessary
• It must be the least intrusive measure to effectively achieve the
legitimate purpose.
• It must be in accordance with the principle of proportionality, such
that the public interest or the rights of the individual must
outweigh the harm that the measure will bring.
• It must be interpreted strictly in the light and context of a
particular rights.
 HUMAN RIGHTS THAT CANNOT BE
SUSPENDED

• The right to life

• The right not be held in Slavery
• The recognition as a person before the law
• The right not to be subject to torture
• The right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion
• The right not to be taken hostage, abducted, or subject to incommunicado
 HUMAN RIGHTS BASED APPROACH TO
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Focus on developing the capacities of people to:

• Understand Human Rights
• Analyze the cause of its nonfulfillment
• Strengthen the capacities of right holders to make their claims
• Strengthen the capacities of duty bearers
GENDER EQUALITY AND
EQUITY
WHAT IS GENDER EQUALITY

According to the International labour Office

• Entails the freedom of human beings-both men and women- to develop their
personal abilities to make choices without the limitations set by gender
stereotypes, rigid gender roles, and prejudices.
• Both men and women must be equally favored, considered, and valued.
WHAT IS GENDER EQUITY

According to international Labour Office

• Fairness of treatment for men and women according to their respective
needs.
• Process of impartially allocating resources, programs, and decision making to
both male and females without any discrimination of sex.
 MILLION OF WOMEN STILL EXPERIENCE
DISCRIMINATION
• Many countries still have discriminatory laws and policies.
• Women still earn less than men.
• Gender based violence.
• Women are denied by their sexual and reproductive health
• 80 percent of the refugee around the world are women
• Woman rights defender are ostracized by their communities and are seen as theat.
• HIV infection rate in women are higher than men
• Women are more illiterate than men, worldwide.
SEX AND GENDER
SEX

• The biological and physiological difference between male

and female that are determined by nature: thus it is given,
universal, and unalternable
GENDER

• Set of social norms, practices, and institutions that regulate the relations
between men and women, which can change across culture and time.
MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY

• This creates a system of Power relations between men and women that
generates a Gender Order.
• Gender Socialization – a process in which men and women learn about their
proper place in society.