Archt. Maundelito S.

Florendo, UAP
the Brown Bauhaus

References:

Wikipedia

Lawphil

House of Representative
 DEFINITIONS

Estimates is a logical and sensible

assumptions of the quantities, qualities, values,
or degrees of a set of subjects.

Cost Estimation Models are mathematical

algorithms used to estimate the costs of a
product or a project.
 TYPES OF ESTIMATION

Cost Estimates – is concerned with knowing

the probable total cost of a project.
Quantity Survey – is a preliminary estimation
technique that aims to establish the quantity of
each material for a project, not yet considering
their cost.
Productivity Estimates – is concerned with the
determination of probable cost of labor by
logical assumptions of the productivity of the
workers.
 TYPES OF ESTIMATION
Bill of Materials – is a list of materials needed
for a project. It usually presents the probable
cost for each item.
Value Engineering – is a review of the plan
and design of a project so as to coordinate with
the sizes and specifications of construction
materials. It’s aim is to avoid wastage and
maximize the use of each material. Value
Engineering is also concerned with other items
that may reduce the cost of a construction
project or speed-up the project construction.
 TYPES OF ESTIMATION
Detailed Estimate – is an estimate that breaks
the subject down into as many items or
components possible. Each component are
often described with specifications.
Rough Estimate – is an estimate that is
computed in general and vague. It is often an
assumption by area, volume, or bulk.
Lump Sum – is an assumption of the totality of
an item without consideration of its specific
components .
 BASIC STEPS IN DETAILED ESTIMATION
1. Classify the general parts of the project into categories.
2. Break down each category into as many parts, works, or
materials possible.
3. Write down the specifications for each material or
component.
4. Use the round-up method for inexact figures.
5. Provide allowances for breakage, wastage, or slack.
6. Compute the materials, labor, and equipment separately.
Avoid computing by percentage of each other. Remember
that cost of labor vary significantly from the type of work to be
done.
7. Consider the rental of equipment.
8. Consider all other non-salient components and do not simply
rely on the item - “over-head cost”.
9. Unless otherwise instructed, not forget to include
contingency costs, profit, VAT, and professional and other
fees.
 TECHNIQUES IN DETAILED ESTIMATION
1. Avoid constant rounding-up. A part of one bulk of materials
can complete the lacking part of another. Allowances can be
considered after all similar items are computed.

2–½

3–¼

Computation:

2½ + 3¼ + 1¼ = 7 + allowance

1 – 1/4 instead of

2½ [3] + 3¼ [4] + 1¼ [2] = 9 + allowance

 TECHNIQUES IN DETAILED ESTIMATION
2. In computing the components of frames like wood nailers or
studs, round-up then add one (1).

Length to be framed = 3.00 meters

Space between nailers = 0.40 meter

Computation:

3.00m [divided by] 0.40m = 7.50 [round-up to] 8 [plus] 1 = 9 pcs.

3. In determining the space between frame components

(nailers), consider the dimension of the covering material
(ceiling) to avoid too much wastage. Ex. If the dimension of
the covering material is 1.20m, spacing can be 0.60m,
0.40m, or 0.30m.
 TECHNIQUES IN DETAILED ESTIMATION
4. In estimating the reinforcing bars, consider the anchorage
and bends.
 TECHNIQUES IN DETAILED ESTIMATION
5. Put in to mind the gradual changes in the spacing of ties and
stirrups.