THERMODYNAMIC

“Design is not just what it looks like and feels like.

Design is how it works.”
- Steve Jobs
 THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamics
Science that deals with the conversion
of energy from one form to another, the
direction of the flow of heat, and the
availability of energy to do work.
 THERMODYNAMICS

Laws of Thermodynamics
• Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• Thermal equilibrium, Temperature
• First Law of Thermodynamics
• Law Conservation of Energy
• Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Entropy of an isolated system always increases
• Third Law of Thermodynamics
• Entropy of a system approaches a constant
value as the temperature approaches absolute
zero
 SYSTEM

• System: A quantity of matter or a region in space

chosen for study.
• Closed system (Control mass): A fixed amount of
mass, and no mass can cross its boundary
• Open system (control volume): A properly selected
region in space.

• Surroundings: The mass or region outside the

system
• Boundary: The real or imaginary surface that
separates the system from its surroundings.
 PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM

• Intensive properties: Those that are

independent of the mass of a system, such as
temperature, pressure, and density.

• Extensive properties: Those whose values

depend on the size—or extent—of the system.
 THE STATE POSTULATE

• The number of properties required to fix the

state of a system is given by the state
postulate:
• The state of a simple compressible system
is completely specified by two independent,
intensive properties.
 PROCESSES AND CYCLES

Process: Any change that a system undergoes

from one equilibrium state to another.

Path: The series of states through which a

system passes during a process.

Quasistatic or quasi-equilibrium process:

When a process proceeds in such a manner
that the system remains infinitesimally close to
an equilibrium state at all times.
 PURE SUBSTANCE

• Pure substance: A substance that has a fixed

chemical composition throughout.
• Air is a mixture of several gases, but it is
considered to be a pure substance.
PURE SUBSTANCE
PURE SUBSTANCE
PURE SUBSTANCE
 PROPERTIES

•Properties
 
• Mass
• Pressure (absolute pressures)

• Temperature (absolute temperatures)

Conversion:

• Specific volume ()
 PROPERTIES

•Properties
 
• Internal Energy (U)
• Enthalpy (H)

• Entropy (s)
 PROPERTIES

•Properties
 
• Specific heat (c)

For gases:
(constant-volume process)
(constant-pressure process)
PROPERTIES PROBLEM

ME Board Problem
The temperature of a solution is
31°C. What is this temperature in °R?
A. 560.8 C. 520.8
B. 575.5 D. 547.8

Answer: 547.8
PROPERTIES PROBLEM

ME Board Problem
Two thermometers, one Celsius and the
other Fahrenheit, are both at the same
temperature, but the reading on the
Fahrenheit thermometer is exactly twice
that on the Celsius thermometer, what
is the temperature?
A. 160 °C C. 40 °C
B. 80 °C D. 320 °C
Answer: 160 °C
PROPERTIES PROBLEM

A new temperature scale is to be

used where freezing and boiling
temperature of water is at 100 deg.N
and 500 deg. N respectively.
Calculate the absolute zero in degree
N.
A. – 992.6 deg. N C. – 995.6 deg. N
B. – 932.7 deg. N D. – 932.4 deg. N
Answer: – 992.6 deg. N
PROPERTIES PROBLEM

Supposing two liquids of different

densities  = 1500 kg/m3 and  = 500
kg/m3 were poured together inside a 100
L tank, filling it. If the resulting density of
the mixture is 800 kg/m3, find the
respective quantities of liquids used.
A. 35 kg and 45 kg C. 25 kg and 55 kg
B. 30 kg and 50kg D. 20 kg and 60 kg

Answer: 35 kg and 45 kg
PROPERTIES PROBLEM

A fluid has a mass of 5 kg and

occupies a volume of 1 m3 at a
pressure of 150 kPa. If the internal
energy is 2500 kJ/kg, what is the total
enthalpy?
A. 2.5 MJ C. 12.5 MJ
B. 9.8 MJ D. 12.7 MJ

Answer: 12,650 kJ
PROPERTIES PROBLEM

ME Board Problem
Convert a vacuum pressure of 110
mm of mercury into absolute
pressure. Atmospheric pressure is
10.5 m of H2O.
A. 3.7 m of H2OC. 9.01 m of H2O
B. 45.6 m of H2O D. 99.5 m of H2O

Answer: 9.01 m of H2O

PROPERTIES PROBLEM

ME Board Problem
A tank contains water. What is the
intensity of pressure at a depth of 6
m?
A.68.5 kPa C. 78 kPa
B. 58.8 kPa D. 48.7 kPa

Answer: 58.8 kPa

PROPERTIES PROBLEM

A fluid moves in a steady flow manner

between two sections in the same
flowline. At section 1: A1 = 0.10 m2 , V1
= 6 m/s, 1 = 0.33 m3 /kg. At section 2:
A2 = 0.2 m2 , 2 = 0.27 kg/m3 .
Calculate for the velocity of flow of
section 2.
A. 37.63 m/s C. 40.62 m/s
B. 33.67 m/s D. 46.02 m/s
Answer: 33.67 m/s
ENERGY PROBLEM

How much power is there in the

kinetic energy of the atmosphere
(density = 1.217 kg/m3 ) at 56 kph
wind velocity? Consider the section
that passes through a 3 diameter
circular area normal to the velocity.
A. 10.21 kW C. 16.21 kW
B. 15.21 kW D. 17.21 kW
Answer: 16.21 kW
ENERGY PROBLEM

ME Board Problem
Calculate the quantity of heat to be
transferred to 2.25 kg of iron to raise
its temperature from 20 C to 240 C
taking the specific heat of the iron as
0.46 kJ/kgK.
A. 227.7 kJ C. 246.46 kJ
B. 338.76 kJ D. 198.55 kJ
Answer: 227.7 kJ
ENERGY PROBLEM

ME Board Problem
A steam turbine receives 1,630 kg of
steam per hour at 340 km/s velocity
and 3550 kJ/kg enthalpy. The steam
leaves at 259 m/s and 3020 kJ/kg.
Which of the following most nearly
equals the power output?
A. 242 kW C. 260 kW
B. 251 kW D. 269 kW
Answer: 251 kW
 I D E A L G A S E Q U AT I O N

General Gas Law (Ideal Gas Law)

𝐏𝐕 =𝐦𝐑𝐓
  ´𝐓
 𝐏𝐕 =𝐧 𝐑
 
Where:
 I D E A L G A S E Q U AT I O N

•Avogadro’s
  Law: states that equal volumes of
different gases at the same temperature and
pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.
 I D E A L G A S E Q U AT I O N

•Relations
  of Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas
Specific heat at constant pressure:

Specific heat at constant volume:

 THERMODYNAMICS

General Gas Law (Ideal Gas Law)

 𝐏 𝟏 𝐕 𝟏 𝐏𝟐 𝐕 𝟐
=
𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟐
Constant Temperature (Boyle’s Law)
 𝐏𝟏 𝐕 𝟏=𝐏𝟐 𝐕 𝟐

Constant Pressure (Charles’ Law)

 𝐕 𝟏𝐕𝟐
=
𝐓𝟏 𝐓𝟐
IDEAL GAS PROBLEM

What mass of nitrogen is contained in

a 57 m3 tank if the pressure and
temperature are 1 atm and 21 C
respectively?
A. 66.1 kg C. 70.4 kg
B. 56.3 kg D. 41.69 kg

Answer: 66.1 kg
IDEAL GAS PROBLEM

An ideal gas at a gage pressure of

0.3 MPa and 25C is heated in a
closed container to 75C. What is the
final pressure?
A. 0.35 MPa C. 0.90 MPa
B. 0.47 MPa D. 1.20 MPa

Answer: 468.63 kPa

IDEAL GAS PROBLEM

Steam exists at a pressure of 120

Paa and a temperature of 250K. How
many molecules are present in 2 cm3
at these conditions?
A. 5 x 1012 C. 7 x 1016
B. 5 x 1016 D. 7 x 1018

Answer: 7 x 1016 molecules

IDEAL GAS PROBLEM

The specific gas constant of oxygen

is 0.25983 kJ/kg-K. If a 2 m3 tank
contains 40 kg of oxygen at 40C,
What is the gage pressure in the
tank?
A. 61 kPa C. 160 kPa
B. 110 kPa D. 1.53 MPa

Answer: 1525.21 kPa

IDEAL GAS PROBLEM

ME Board Problem
A 0.71 m3 tank contains 4.5 kg of an
ideal gas. The gas has a molecular
weight of 44 and is at 21C. What is
the pressure of the gas?
A. 352.2 kPaa C. 532.2 kPaa
B. 325.2 kPaa D. 523.2 kPaa

Answer: 352.2 kPa

IDEAL GAS PROBLEM

A volume of 450 cm3 of air is

measured at a pressure of 740 mm
Hg absolute and a temperature of 20
C. What is the volume in cm3 at 760
mm Hg absolute and 0 C?
A. 516.12 C. 620.76
B. 408.25 D. 375.85

Answer: 408.25
IDEAL GAS PROBLEM

An air bubble rises from the bottom of

a well where the temperature is 25 C,
to the surface where the temperature
is 27 C. Find the percent increase in
the volume of the bubble if the depth
of the well is 5 m. Atmospheric
pressure is 101,528 Pa.
A. 49.3 C. 41.3
B. 56.7 D. 38.6
Answer: 49.3%
 THERMODYNAMICS

•Thermodynamic
  Process
 𝐏 𝐕 𝐧 =𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭  𝐏 𝟏 𝐕 𝐧
𝟏 = 𝐏 𝟐 𝐕 𝐧
𝟐 =𝐜

• If n = 0 (P = constant)
• Isobaric process or constant pressure process
• If n = (V = constant)
• Isochoric/Isometric process or constant volume process
• If n = 1 (PV = constant)
• Isothermal process or constant temperature process
• If n = k (PVk = constant)
• Isentropic process or Adiabatic process
• If 1 < n < 1.4 (PVn = constant)
• Polytropic process
 THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamic Systems
1. Open System (Steady-flow System)
Able to exchange energy (heat and work) and mass
across the system boundary.
 𝐖 𝐨𝐮𝐭 ¿ 𝐖
  𝐢𝐧 (−)

 𝐏𝐄 𝟏  𝐏𝐄 𝟐

 𝐊𝐄 𝟏  𝐦 𝐢𝐧  𝐦 𝐨𝐮𝐭  𝐊𝐄 𝟐

∆𝐬
 
𝐔
  𝟏 𝐔
  𝟐

𝐖
  𝐟𝟏 𝐖
  𝐟𝟐

 𝐐 𝐢𝐧 ¿ 𝐐
  𝐨𝐮𝐭 (−)
 THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamic Systems
1. Open System (Steady-flow System)
Applying 1st Law:
 𝐐=𝐖 𝐒𝐅 + ∆ 𝐇

𝐐=∫ 𝐓 𝐝𝐒
 

𝐖 𝐒𝐅 =−∫ 𝐕 𝐝𝐏
 THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamic Systems
2. Closed System (Non-flow System)
Able to exchange energy (heat and work) across the
system boundary but not mass.
 𝐖 𝐨𝐮𝐭 ¿ 𝐖
  𝐢𝐧 (−)

 𝐦 𝐢𝐧 =𝟎 ∆  𝐬  𝐦 𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝟎

 𝐐 𝐢𝐧 ¿ 𝐐
  𝐨𝐮𝐭 (−)
 THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamic Systems
2. Closed System (Non-flow System)
Applying 1st Law:
 𝐐=𝐖 𝐍𝐅 +∆ 𝐔

𝐐=∫ 𝐓 𝐝𝐒
 

𝐖 𝐍𝐅=∫ 𝐏𝐝𝐕
 THERMODYNAMICS

Thermodynamic Systems
3. Isolated System
A system totally isolated from the environment. There
is no exchange of heat, work, or mass across the
system boundaries.
𝐖
  𝐨𝐮𝐭 =𝟎
𝐖
  𝐢𝐧 =𝟎

 𝐦 𝐢𝐧 =𝟎  𝐦 𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝟎

 𝐐 𝐢𝐧 =𝟎  𝐐 𝐨𝐮𝐭 =𝟎
 ISOBARIC PROCESS
Item Closed or Non-Flow System Open or Steady-Flow System

PVT
PVT Relation
Relation

Work
Work
Heat

Internal
HeatEnergy

Enthalpy
Internal Energy

Entropy
Enthalpy

Entropy
 ISOCHORIC PROCESS
Item Closed or Non-Flow System Open or Steady-Flow System

PVT Relation

Work

Heat
Heat

Internal
Internal Energy
Energy

Enthalpy
Enthalpy

Entropy
Entropy
 ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
Item Closed or Non-Flow System Open or Steady-Flow System

PVT Relation

Work
Work
Heat

Internal
HeatEnergy

Enthalpy
Internal Energy

Entropy
Enthalpy

Entropy
 ISENTROPIC PROCESS
Item Closed or Non-Flow System Open or Steady-Flow System

PVT Relation
PVT Relation

Work

Work
Heat

Internal Energy
Heat
Enthalpy
Internal Energy
Entropy
Enthalpy

Entropy
 P O LY T R O P I C P R O C E S S
Item Closed or Non-Flow System Open or Steady-Flow System

PVT
PVT Relation
Relation

Work

Work
Heat

Internal Energy
Heat
Enthalpy
Internal Energy
Entropy
Enthalpy

Entropy
 ISOBARIC PROCESS
PROBLEM

ME Board Problem
Gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a
weighted piston as the top boundary.
The gas is heated and expands from a
volume of 0.04 m3 to 0.10 m3 at a
constant pressure of 200 kPa.
Calculate the work done by the system.
A. 8 kJ C. 12 kJ
B. 10 kJ D. 14 kJ
Answer: 12 kJ
 ISOBARIC PROCESS
PROBLEM
ME Board Problem
Ammonia weighing 22 kg is confined inside
a cylinder equipped with a piston has an
initial pressure of 413 kPa at 38 C. If 2900
kJ of heat is added to the ammonia until its
pressure and temperature are 413 kPa and
100 C respectively. What is the amount of
work done by the fluid in kJ?
A. 667 C. 420
B. 304 D. 502
Answer: 667
 ISOBARIC PROCESS
PROBLEM
ME Board Problem
Calculate the change in enthalpy as 1 kg of
nitrogen is heated from 1000 K to 1500 K,
assuming the nitrogen is an ideal gas at a
constant pressure. The temperature
dependent specific heat of nitrogen is
Cp = 39.06 – 512.79 T-1.5 + 1072.7 T-2 – 820.4T-3
where Cp is in kJ/kg-mol, and T is in K.
A. 600 kJ C. 800 kJ
B. 697.27 kJ D. 897.27 kJ
Answer: 697.27 kJ
 ISOBARIC PROCESS
PROBLEM

ME Board Problem
A closed gaseous system undergoes a
reversible process during which 25 Btu
are rejected, the volume changing
from 5 ft3 to 2 ft3, and the pressure
remains constant at 50 psia. Find the
change of internal energy.
A.– 52.76 Btu C. 2.76 Btu
B.– 2.76 Btu D. 52.76 Btu
Answer: 2.76 Btu
 ISOMETRIC PROCESS
PROBLEM

A rigid tank contains air at 500 kPa

and 150 degree C. As a result of heat
transfer to the surroundings, the
temperature and pressure inside the
tank drop to 65 degree C and 400
kPa respectively. Determine the
boundary work done during the
process.

Answer: 0
 ISOMETRIC PROCESS
PROBLEM

There are 1.36 kg of gas for which R

= 377 J/kg K and k = 1.25 that
undergo a nonflow constant volume
process from 551.6 kPa and 60 deg C
to 1655 kPa. During the process the
gas is internally stirred and there are
also added 105.5 kJ of heat.
Determine the change of entropy.

Answer: +2.25 kJ
 ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
PROBLEM

ME Board Problem
A piston cylinder device initially
contains 0.4 m3 of air at 100 kPa and
80 deg C. The air is now compressed
to 0.1 m3 in such a way that the
temperature inside the cylinder
remains constant. Determine the work
done during the process.

Answer: -55.45 kJ
 ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
PROBLEM

ME Board Problem
Air flows steadily through an engine
at constant temperature of 400 K.
Find the work per kg if the exit
pressure is one – third of the inlet
pressure and the inlet pressure is 207
kPa.

Answer: +126.12 kJ/kg

 ISOTHERMAL PROCESS
PROBLEM

Work done by a substance in reversible

nonflow manner in accordance with V =
100/P ft3, where P is in psia. Evaluate
the work done on or by the substance as
the pressure increases from 10 psia to
100 psia.
A. 33 157.22 ft-lb C. 43 157.22 ft-lb
B. –33 157.22 ft-lb D. – 43, 157.22 ft-lb

Answer: –33 157.22 ft-

lb
 ISENTROPIC PROCESS
PROBLEM

ME Board Problem
Air having an initial pressure of 6,516
kPa and an initial volume of 0.113 m3
is compressed adiabatically to a final
volume of 0.057 m3 . Calculate the
pressure at the end of compression.

Answer: 16,985.02 kPa

 ISENTROPIC PROCESS
PROBLEM

ME Board Problem
How much work is necessary to
compress air in an insulated cylinder
from 0.20 m3 to 0.01 m3. Use t1 =
20C and P1= 100 kPa
A. 113.4 kJ C. 110.1 kJ
B. 121.4 kJ D. 115.7 kJ

Answer: 115.7 kJ
 ISENTROPIC PROCESS
PROBLEM
ME Board Problem
A group of 50 persons attend a secret
meeting in room which is 12 m wide by 10 m
long and a ceiling height of 3 m. The room is
completely sealed off and insulated. Each
person gives off 150 kCal per hour of heat
and occupies a volume of 0.20 m3. The room
has an initial pressure of 101.3 kPa and
temperature of 16C. Calculate the room
temperature after 10 minutes. Use R = 0.287
kJ/kg-K and Cv = 0.171 kCal/kg-K.
Answer: 33.1 °C
 POLYTROPIC PROCESS
PROBLEM

ME Board Problem
During the polytropic process of an
ideal gas, the state changes from 138
kPa and 5C to 827 kPa and 171C.
Find the value of n .
A. 1.354 C. 1.345
B. 1.253 D. 1.234

Answer: 1.354
 POLYTROPIC PROCESS
PROBLEM

A gas at 1 atmosphere pressure

originally occupies a volume of 20 ft3.
The gas is polytropically compressed
with n = 1.15 until the pressure is
48.51 psia. What work is required for
this compression?

Answer: -47, 560.13 ft-lbf = -61.13 Btu

 “We are what we think.
All that we are arises with our
thoughts. With our thoughts, we make
the world.”
-The BUDDHA