CHAPTER 2 COUNSELING

• LESSON 3 CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF COUNSELLING

• LESSON 4 COUNSELING AND ITS WORK SETTINGS
• LESSON 5 COUNSELLING AND ITS PROCESSES, METHODS , AND
TOOLS
 LESSON 3 CLIENTELE AND
AUDIENCES OF COUNSELLING
 CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF
COUNSELING

PEOPLE WHO ABUSE DRUGS

 CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF
COUNSELING

PEOPLE WHO USE TOBACCO

 CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF
COUNSELING
PEOPLE WHO ABUSE
ALCOHOL
 CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF
COUNSELING

WOMEN
 CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF
COUNSELING

OLDER ADULTS
 CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF
COUNSELING

PEOPLE WITH AIDS

 CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF
VICTIMS OF ABUSE COUNSELING
 CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF
COUNSELING
GAY AND LESBIAN
LESSON 4 COUNSELING AND ITS WORK
SETTINGS
WORK SETTINGS
OF COUNSELOR
WORK SETTINGS
OF COUNSELOR
 COMMUNITY SETTINGS
• Refers to employment in community, agency, and other non-
school professional situations. Counselors can be found in
community and mental health agencies, employment and
rehabilitation agencies, correctional settings, and marriage and
family practice. ( Gibson and Mitchell , 2003 )

WORK SETTINGS
OF COUNSELOR
EXAMPLES OF COUNSELORS IN THE COMMUNITY
EXAMPLES OF COUNSELORS IN THE COMMUNITY
EXAMPLES OF COUNSELORS IN THE COMMUNITY
EXAMPLES OF COUNSELORS IN THE COMMUNITY
ABUSE
EXAMPLES OF COUNSELORS IN THE COMMUNITY
EXAMPLES OF COUNSELORS IN THE COMMUNITY
3. COUNSELORS IN THE PRIVATE SECTORS

WORK SETTINGS
OF COUNSELOR
WORK SETTINGS
OF COUNSELOR
LESSON 5 COUNSELLING AND ITS
PROCESSES, METHODS , AND
TOOLS
 This is the heart of counseling process because it
provides the force and foundation for the counseling
to succeed.
 This stage involves establishing rapport,
 promote acceptance of the client as a person with worth,
 establishing genuine interaction,
 promote direct mutual communication
helping clients understand themselves,
helping client focus and
slowly promote counseling relevant
communication ion, from the client.
 One of the most crucial stages.
 This serves as the window for the counselor to
have a thorough appreciation of the client’s
condition.
 It entails analysis of the root causes of problems.
 The data that will be gathered in diagnosis will be
utilized in the formulation of goals.
 Goals are important as it sets the direction of the
counseling process.
 It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client-
counselor relationship.
 Counseling goals may be treated as a process goal or
outcome goal.
 The client and counselor must agree on the counseling
goals.
Upon formulation of the counseling goals, the
strategies for intervention may now be outlined.
Interventions comprise of individual, group,
couples, and family counseling.
The client’s participation in choosing intervention
strategies has more benefits.
 Guidelines:
 A. The counselor has to provide a mapping of the
different approaches offered.
 B. Describe the role of the counselor and client for each
procedure.
 C. Identify possible risks and benefits that may come.
 D. Estimate the time and cost of each procedure.
 Kafner and Busemeyer identified the six-stage model for
problem solving
 Problem detection
 Problem definition
 Identification of alternative solutions
 Decision-making
 Execution
 Verification
 The essential goal in counseling is to witness a client progress on
his/her own without the assistance of the counselor.
 There are four components of termination which were identified
by Quintan and Holahan:
 1. Discussion of the end of counseling
 2. Review of the course of counseling
 3. Closure of the counselor-client relationship
 4. Discussion of the client’s future and post-counseling plan
 This stage can be undertaken at any point in
the counseling stage.
 Research and evaluation are fundamental
part of the evaluation.
 Results of the research provide a scientific
appreciation of the counseling situation.
LESSON 5 COUNSELLING AND ITS PROCESSES,
METHODS , AND TOOLS

METHODS IN
COUNSELING
 METHODS IN COUNSELING
1. CLASSIC THEORIES

 The psychological theories developed by

Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung
are considered as the classic schools for
the reason that they primed the
underpinning of clinical practice.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

a. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

 The approach of Freud in counseling and psychotherapy

is popularly known as psychoanalysis which is an analysis
of the mind.
 Its objective is to restructure the personality by
resolution of intrapsychic conflict, which focuses in the
internal forces such as unconscious processes.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

a. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

 It focuses on personal adjustment through

reorganization of internal forces within the
person to help him/her become aware of the
unconscious aspect of his/her personality.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

a. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

 Psychoanalysis has three goals:

 1. to help clients gain insights about themselves
 2. to help clients work unstuck issues
 3. to help clients cope with the stresses of the
society.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

a. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

 The following techniques may be used:

 1. FREE ASSOCIATION- a method to
encourage the patient to discuss whatever
comes to his mind in order to release
suppressed emotions.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

a. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

 2. DREAM ANALYSIS- a method

to explore unconscious process
using dreams.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

a. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

 3. CONFRONTATION AND CLARIFICATION- a form

of feedback procedure for patients to
become aware of what is happening to
him/her and to determine areas for further
analysis.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

a. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

 4. INTERPRETATION- a process of giving

insights to patients about their inner
conflicts which can be reflected in
resistance, transference, and other
processes.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

b. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

 The approach of Adler in counseling and

psychotherapy focuses on the role of cognition is
psychological functioning.
 Its objective is to gain an understanding of the
clients and assess why clients behave and think in
certain ways.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

b. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

 Adlerian counseling focuses on four goals:
 1. establishment and maintenance of egalitarian relationship
 2. analysis of client’s lifestyle
 3. interpretation of client’s lifestyle in a way that promotes insight
 4. reorientation and reeducation of the client with accompanying
behavior change.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

b. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

 Adlerian techniques can be explained in four phases of Adlerian
Psychotherapy.
 First Phase: ESTABLISHING THE RELATIONSHIP
 Use of listening skills
 Winning respect and offering hope
 Encouragement
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

b. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

 Second Phase: PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND

ASSESSMENT
Lifestyle Analysis
Dream analysis may be used to
conduct lifestyle analysis
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

b. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

Third Phase: PROMOTING

INSIGHT
Insight Process
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

b. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

 Fourth Phase: REORIENTATION

 Spitting in the Client’s Soup
 The push-button techniques
 Catching oneself
 Acting as-if
 Task setting and commitment
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

c. JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY

 The counseling and psychology approach of Jung
is referred to as psychotherapy.
 Jung’s approach highlights the task of the
unconscious processes in “psychological
functioning”
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

c. JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY

 The approach applies dreams and other
procedures to determine the unconscious
processes to utilize the result to boost the
functioning of personality and to enhance mental
health and wellness.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

2. EXPERIENTIAL THEORIES
 It falls under the affective theories which are
concerned about generating impact on the
emotions of clients to effect change.
 The well-known experiential theorists include
Rogers and Perls.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING
a. Roger’s Person-Centered Counseling

 It has been described as the “if-then” approach.

 The following conditions were formulated by Rogers:
 1. Counselor Congruence
 2. Empathic Understanding
 3. Unconditional Positive Regard
 METHODS IN COUNSELING
b. PEARL’S GESTALT THERAPY
 It focuses on the here and now.
 It refers to the dialogue between the therapist and the
client wherein the client experiences from the inside what
the therapist observes from the outside.
 The goal of the approach is awareness on the environment,
of responsibility for choices, of self, and self-acceptance.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING
b. PEARL’S GESTALT THERAPY
 It focuses on the here and now.
 It refers to the dialogue between the therapist and the
client wherein the client experiences from the inside what
the therapist observes from the outside.
 The goal of the approach is awareness on the environment,
of responsibility for choices, of self, and self-acceptance.
(people feeling “out of touch”._
 METHODS IN COUNSELING
b. PEARL’S GESTALT THERAPY
 Gestalt’s technique include the following:
 ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY- rephrase the
statement and add “I take responsibility for it”.
 USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS- take personal
responsibility by saying “I or me” instead of “we
or us”
 METHODS IN COUNSELING
b. PEARL’S GESTALT THERAPY

 NOW I AM AWARE- assists the clients to

get in touch with himself/herself.
 THE EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE- helps
client work through conflicting parts of
personality.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING
3. COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
a. ELLIS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY
 REBT highlights the role of cognitions on
emotions with assertion that persons can be
best appreciated in terms of internal cognitive
dialogue or self-talk.
 REBT views the emotional disorder is associated
with cognitive processes that are not rational.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING
a. ELLIS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR
THERAPY
 REBT TECHNIQUES:
 COGNITIVE- reforming ideas that are
reasonable and irrational. Focus on “defeating
cognitions”.
 EMOTIVE TECHNIQUES- focus on the client’s
“affective or emotional domain”
 METHODS IN COUNSELING
a. ELLIS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR
THERAPY
 REBT TECHNIQUES:
 BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES- Focus on the full
array of behavioral methods such as
assertiveness training, relaxation therapy, self-
management, self-monitoring, and homework
assignments.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING
b. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY
 Highlights the vitality of cognitive thinking
particularly, dysfunctional thoughts.
 This approach is appropriate for people
suffering from depressions and anxieties.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING
b. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY
 TECHNIQUES:
 DECATASTROPHIZING- referred to as “what
if”.
 REDEFINING- rearticulating an obstacle to
something that may be useful.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING
b. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY
 TECHNIQUES:
 DECENTERING- This will help the client
apprehend that they are not the
“center of attention”.
 BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

c. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

 Refers to examining and dissecting

transactions between people.
 It includes evaluating the “three ego
state of parent, adult, and child of each
person”.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

c. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

The fundamental goal is for the

client to be “autonomous, self-
aware, spontaneous and have the
capacity for intimacy.”
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

c. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

TECHNIQUES:
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS- assists
clients to be conscious of their
“three ego”.
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

c. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

 TECHNIQUES:
 TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS- assists
clients to “learn to communicate with
complementary transactions.”
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

c. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

 TECHNIQUES:
 SCRIPT ANALYSIS- looks into the “type
of life script the client has developed
and how it can be re-written.”
 METHODS IN COUNSELING

c. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

 TECHNIQUES:
 ANALYSIS OF GAMES- comprise of
determining “what games the clients play
and how the games interfere with
interpersonal functioning.”