Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Pump Head
The head of a pump can be expressed with Bernoulli's
equation:
h = (p2 - p1)/(ρg) + (v22- v12)/(2g) + (z2-z1)
where
h = total head developed (m)
p2 = pressure at outlet (N/m2)
p1 = pressure at inlet (N/m2)
ρ = density of liquid (kg/m3)
g = acceleration of gravity (9.81) m/s2
v2 = velocity at the outlet (m/s)
Pumping Characteristics
• Head
• Resistance of the system
• Sum of two components static and
friction
• Static head destination
• Difference in height between source Static
head
and destination
• Independent of flow
source
Flow
Pumping Characteristics
• Friction head
• Resistance to flow in pipe and fittings
• Depends on size, pipes, pipe fittings, flow rate, nature of liquid
• Proportional to square of flow rate
• Closed loop system only has friction head
(no static head) System
curve
Static head
Flow Flow
In most cases:
Total head = Static head + friction head
Different Types of Pump Head
Total Static Head - Total head when the pump is not running
Total Dynamic Head (Total System Head) - Total head when the
pump is running
Static Suction Head - Head on the suction side, with pump off, if
the head is higher than the pump impeller
Static Suction Lift - Head on the suction side, with pump off, if
the head is lower than the pump impeller
Static Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of pump with the
pump off
Dynamic Suction Head/Lift - Head on suction side of pump with
pump on
Dynamic Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of pump with
pump on
Total Suction Head (HS): The suction reservoir pressure
head (hpS) plus the static suction head (hS) plus the velocity head
at the pump suction flange (hvS) minus the friction head in the
suction line (hfS).
HS = hpS + hS + hvS – hfS
The total suction head is the reading of the gauge on the suction
flange, converted to feet of liquid.
As the liquid passes suction line to the eye of impeller, the velocity
increases and the pressure decreases. There are also pressure
losses due to shock and turbulence as the liquid strikes the impeller.
The centrifugal force of the impeller vanes further increases the
velocity and decreases the pressure of the liquid.
Net Positive Suction Head Required, NPSHR
The NPSH required is the positive head (absolute pressure)
required at the pump suction to overcome the pressure drops in
the pump and maintain the liquid above its vapor pressure.
• Note: It is to be noted that the net positive suction head required (NPSHr)
number shown on the pump curves is for fresh water at 20°C and not for
the fluid or combinations of fluids being pumped.
Pump performance curve: H vs Q
• Relationship between head
and flow
• Flow increase system resistance Head
increases
• Head increases flow decreases
to zero
• Zero flow rate: risk of pump
Flow
burnout
Performance curve for
centrifugal pump
Capacity (Flow)
Head Vs Flow Rate & Selection of Operating Point
H f K1 K 2Q 2
Performance curves for centrifugal pump
Two stage pumps
Two stage pump in volume
(Parallel)
Two stage pump in pressure (Series)
PUMPS Running Parallel
Discharge Manifold
The water being
discharged from the
pump is forced into a
manifold; the junction
for all discharge lines
Pout QH
o The normal value is 71% - 86%
Pin T .
Prove that: o m v h
2. FLOW
3. HEAD
4. IMPELLER TRIM
5. HORSEPOWER
6. NPSHR
7. EFFICIENCY
8. MINIMUM FLOW
Selecting the Right Pump
performance curve for centrifugal pump
1. TITLE BOX
2. FLOW
3. HEAD
4. IMPELLER TRIM
5. HORSEPOWER
6. NPSHR
7. EFFICIENCY
8. MINIMUM FLOW
Selecting the Right Pump on
performance graph
1. TITLE BOX
The title box provides information about the pump model, size, speed, and other identifying
criteria specific to the pump. If checking the performance of an existing pump, confirm that
you are matching the pump to the associated curve.
2. FLOW
To start your selection, identify the amount of flow you require from the pump. For this
example, we have chosen 300 gpm. Flow is indicated across the bottom horizontal axis of
the curve.
3. HEAD
You will also need to know the total head the pump is required to overcome at the specified
flow. For this example, we will use 100 ft. Head is indicated in increments along the vertical
axis. Follow 100ft across the curve intersects your flow line which indicates your
performance point.
4. IMPELLER TRIM
To accommodate different performance points, centrifugal pumps have the capability of
trimming impellers. By reducing impeller size, the pump can be limited to specific
performance requirement. The impeller diameters are listed on the left side of the curve and
the performance for each trim is shown across as a bold line. Let, our selection is between
10” and 11” , so a trim of 10.5” is appropriate.
Selecting the Right Pump on
performance graph
5. HORSEPOWER
Now that you have your performance point, we can determine the amount of
horsepower required. Horsepower is indicated across the curve as a dotted line in this
case at a downward angle. Our performance point is between the 10hp and 15 hp lines,
we estimate this selection to require 12 hp.
6. NPSHR
Net positive suction head required is important for proper pump operation. This is the
minimum amount of pressure on the suction side of the pump to overcome pump
entrance losses. If sufficient NPSH is not met the pump will cavitate which will affect
performance and pump life.
7. EFFICIENCY
When selecting the best pump for an application, efficiency many times is an important
factor. The higher the efficiency, the less energy required to operate for a specific
performance point.
8. MINIMUM FLOW
A centrifugal pump requires a minimum amount flow to be moving through the pump to
dissipate heat created. On the left side of the curve, minimum flow is indicated by a
vertical bold line; operation to the left of this line is not recommended and can
significantly decrease the life of the pump.
Selecting the Right Pump
• Oversized pump
• Requires flow control (throttle valve or by-pass line)
• Provides additional head
• System curve shifts to left
• Pump efficiency is reduced
• Solutions if pump already purchased
• VSDs or two-speed drives
• Lower RPM
• Smaller or trimmed impeller