05 WR - BT1004 - E02 - 1 UMTS Key Technologies-78

UMTS Key Technologies
ZTE University
Contents
 WCDMA Key Technologies

 Power Control
 Handover Control
 Admission Control
 Load Control
 Code Resource Allocation
 RAKE Receiver
 WCDMA Capacity Features

Power Control
 CDMA is not a new technology

 Power control is a key technology of CDMA system
 Power control is the key path for launching the large scale CDMA
commercial network
CDMA
CDMA is is aa typical
typical self-interference
self-interference system,
system, thus
thus the
the chief
chief
principle
principle isis that
that any
any potential
potential surplus
surplus transmitted
transmitted power
power
for
for service
service must
must be
be controlled.
controlled.
© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Why Power Control?
 All CDMA users occupy the same frequency
spectrum at the same time! Frequency and
time are not used as discriminators.
 CDMA operates by using codes to
discriminate between users.
 CDMA interference comes mainly from
nearby users
 Each user is a small voice in a roaring crowd
-- but with a uniquely recoverable code.
To achieve acceptable service quality, the transmit power of all users

must be tightly controlled so that their signals reach the base station
with the same signal strength and the absolute minimum power level
demanded to avoid the Near-Far Effect.

Near-Far Effect
Block the whole

cell Overpowered by strong
signals
Power

Power control
Power
Power
f f
Each
Each terminal
terminal isis an
an interference
interference Power
Power control
control will
will reduce
reduce the
the
source
source to
to the
the others.
others. The
The Near-far
Near-far cross
cross interference
interference significantly
significantly and
and
effect
effect will
will impact
impact the
the capacity
capacity improve
improve the
the total
total capacity
capacity
tremendously
tremendously

Purpose of Power Control
Downlink Power Control Uplink Power Control
Cell transmitted power UE transmitted signal
Power control command (TPC) Power control command (TPC)
• Overcome near-far effect and compensate signal fading

• Reduce multi-access interference and guarantee cell capacity
• Extend battery life

Category of Power control
Open loop power control （ no

feedback ）
RNC
UE Node B
Close loop power

control （ feedback ）
RNC
Inner-loop
Outer-loop
UE Node B
Category of Power Control
Open Loop
Measure the channel interference condition and adjust the initial transmitted
power
Close
CloseLoop
Loop－－Inner
InnerLoop
Loop
Measure
Measurethe theSIR
SIR(Signaling
(Signalingto
toInterference
InterferenceRatio),
Ratio),compare
comparewithwiththe
thetarget
targetSIR
SIR
value, and then send power control instruction
value, and then send power control instruction to UE.to UE.
The
Thefrequency
frequencyof ofWCDMA
WCDMAinner
innerloop
looppower
powercontrol
controlisis1500Hz.
1500Hz.
IfIfmeasured
measuredSIR>target
SIR>targetSIR,
SIR,decrease
decreasethetheUE
UEtransmitted
transmittedpower.
power.
IfIfmeasured
measuredSIR SIR<target
<targetSIR,
SIR,increase
increasethe
theUEUEtransmitted
transmittedpower.
power.
Close
CloseLoop
Loop－－Outer
OuterLoop
Loop
Measure
Measurethe theBLER
BLER(Block
(BlockError
ErrorRate),
Rate),and
andadjust
adjustthe
thetarget
targetSIR.
SIR.
The
Thefrequency
frequencyof ofWCDMA
WCDMAouter
outerloop
looppower
powercontrol
controlisis10~100Hz.
10~100Hz.
 IfIfmeasured
measuredBLER>target
BLER>targetBLER,
BLER,decrease
decreasethethetarget
targetSIR
SIRvalue.
value.
 IfIfmeasured
measuredBLER<target
BLER<targetBLER,
BLER,increase
increasethe
thetarget
targetSIR
SIRvalue.
value.

Open Loop Power Control
 General principals of open loop power control

 Open loop power control is applied to estimate the initial transmitted power
for a new radio link.
 P-CPICH signal is used in Downlink Open Loop Power Control, which is
measured by UE to estimate the initial transmitted power.
 The following factors will also be considered, such as service QoS and data
rate, Eb/No requirements of establishing service, current downlink total
Transmitted Power and interference from neighbor cell etc.

Close Loop – Inner Loop Power Control
Measure receiving SIR and

compare to target SIR 1500Hz
1500Hz
Inner loop
TPC instruction
Set SIRtar
NodeB UE
Try
Try to
to get
get the
the equal
equal receiving
receiving Each
Each radio
radio link
link has
has
Eb
Eb (Energy
(Energy per
per bit)
bit) of
of each
each UE
UE its
its own
own control
control
at
at Node
Node BB circle
circle

 General principals of inner loop power control

 The receiver compares the SIR value of received signal with target SIR, and
then sends back TPC instruction. According to the instruction, the sender will
decide to increase/decrease the transmitted power.
 The adjusted rang=TPC_cmd×TPC_STEP_SIZE
 Inner loop power control is required for the following channels ：

 DPCH, PDSCH, PCPCH
 Inner loop power control is not required for the following

channels ：
 P-CPICH(S-CPICH), P-CCPCH(S-CCPCH), PRACH etc.

Measure
Measure BLER
BLER of
of
TRCH
TRCH
Measure receiving Measure receiving SIR

Get
Get data
data flow
flow with
with BLER and compare to and
target BLER compare to target SIR
stable
stable BLER
BLER
Outer Loop Inner loop

Set BLERtar
Set SIRtar TPC instruction
10-100Hz
RNC NodeB UE

Close Loop – Outer Loop Power Control
 Outer Loop Power Control algorithm

 Employ the inner loop power control to keep SIR close to target SIR.
 Measure the quality of service, including target BLER, CRC indicator and SIR
Error, then set the value of SIR_Target.
 Tune the target SIR with pre-defined step as the adjustment parameter for
inner loop power control to keep the service in good quality in time-varying
wireless propagation environment.
 The uplink open loop power control algorithm is executed in the RNC while
the downlink one is executed in UE.

The Effect of Power Control
 The purpose of DL power control:

 Saving power resource of NodeB.
 Reducing interference to other NodeB.
 The purpose of UL power control:

 Overcoming Near-Far effect. Extending UE battery life.
WCDMA system capacity depends on the effect of power

control
Contents

 Power Control
 Load Control
 RAKE Receiver

What’s ？
 When UE is moving from the coverage area of one site to

another, or the quality of service is declined by external
interference during a service, the service must be handed over to
an idle channel for sustaining the service.
 Handover is used to guarantee the continuity of service
 Handover is a key technology for mobile networking

Category of Handover
Soft handover (SHO)
 Intra-RNC, inter-Node B
 Inter-RNC
WCDMA system support
multiple handover technology Softer handover
 Same Node B, Inter-sector
Hard handover (HHO)
 Intra-frequency
 Inter-frequency
 Inter-system (3G&2G)
 Inter-mode (FDD&TDD)

Handover Demonstration
Soft
Handover
Hard
Handover

Soft Handover/Softer Handover
Soft Handover
C C
A A
B B
Soft-Softer Handover
C C
A A
B B
Softer Handover
C C
A A
B B

Hard Handover
 During the hard handover procedure, all Hard Handover

the old radio links with the UE are
abandoned before new ones are CN
established, so there must be service
RNC or
interruption during the HHO. SRNC BSC
 Hard handover may occur in the following

main cases Node B
Node B or
BTS
 When the UE is handed over to another UTRAN
carrier, or another technology mode.
 When soft handover is not permitted (if O&M
constraint)

Soft/Softer Handover
 The soft/softer handover allows to migrate from one cell to

another without service interruption or without deleting all old
radio links.
 UE can connecte to more than one cell simultaneously and take
benefit from the macro-diversity.
Soft Handover
Soft
Soft
Handover
Handover Softer Handover
Softer
Softer
Handover
Handover
The two Node Bs Node

The two mayBs CN CN
CN
CN CN
belong tomay
the belong
SametoRNC
the
same RNC
SRNC DRNC SRNC
Iur
Node B Node B

WCDMA General Handover Procedures
---- “Handover Trilogy”
 Measurement Control
 UTRAN demands the UE to start measurement through issuing a
measurement control message.
 Handover decision
 UTRAN makes the decision based on the measurement reports from UE. The
implementation of handover decision is various for different vendors. It
impacts on the system performance critically.
 Handover execution
 UTRAN and UE execute different handover procedure according to the
handover command .

General Procedure of Handover Control (I)
 Measuring
The measurement objects are decided by RNC. Usually, either Ec/N0

or RSCP (Received Signal Code Power) of P-CPICH channel is used
for handover decision.
ZTE RNC adopts Ec/N0 measurement, because Ec/N0 embodies
both the received signal strength and the interference. The relation
of Ec/N0 and RSCP is shown as follows:
Ec/N0 ＝ RSCP/RSSI
In the above equation ， RSSI （ Received Signal Strength Indicato
r ） is measured within the bandwidth of associated channels

General Procedure of Handover Control (II)
 Reporting
 Period report triggered handover
 Base on the filtered measurement result
 Event report triggered handover

 Base on the event
Measurement result filtered in

Soft Period UE
Handover Event decided in RNC
Handover decided in RNC
Hard Measurement result filtered in UE
Handover Event decided in UE
Event
Handover decided in RNC

General Procedure of Handover Control (III)
 Handover algorithm
 All the handover algorithms including soft handover, hard handover and so
on are implemented on the event decision made according to the
measurement reports.
 Events defined in 3GPP specifications

 Intra-frequency events ： 1A~1F
 Inter-frequency events ： 2A~2F
 Inter-RAT events ： 3A~3D

Note: RAT is short for “Radio Access Technology”, e.g. WCDMA&GSM

Concepts Related to Handover
 Active Set:
 A set of cells that have established radio links with a certain mobile station.
 User information is sent from all these cells.
 Monitored Set:
 A set of cells that are not in the active set but are monitored according to the
list of adjacent cells assigned by the UTRAN.
 Detected Set:
 A set of cells that are neither in the active set nor in the monitor set.

Soft handover process
 Measurement
 RNC sends a measurement control message to UE.
 UE should perform measurement as required and report the measurement
result.
 Generally, the measured parameter is the common pilot’s Ec/No.
 Decision
 RNC stores data of different cells according to the measurement results.
 RNC makes preliminary decision according to the event decision method.
 e.g.

When the event is reported and the target cell is acceptable, send an active set
update command to add/delete the cell into/from the active set.
 Execution
 The RNC sends an active set update command to UE and UE starts handover.

Soft handover events
Event Description
Quality of target cell improves, entering a report
1A range of relatively activating set quality
Quality of target cell decreases, depart from a

1B report range of relatively activating set quality
The quality of a non-activated set cell is better than

1C that of a certain activated set cell
1D Best cell generates change
Quality of target cell improves, better than an

1E absolute threshold
Quality of target cell decreases, worse than an

1F absolute threshold

An Example of SHO Procedure
Pilot
⊿t ⊿t ⊿t
Ec/Io
Pilot Ec/Io of cell 1
Pilot Ec/Io of cell 2
Pilot Ec/Io of cell 3 time
Connect to cell1 Event 1A Event 1C Event 1B

（ add cell2 ）（ replace cell1 with cell 3 ）（ remove cell3 ）

Example of soft handover
UE Target Node B Source Node B RNC
RRC: Measurement Report(Event 1a) (From Source Node B to RNC)
Executing handover
judgement and
adding a radio link
in Target Node B
NBAP: Radio Link Setup Request
NBAP: Radio Link Setup Response
Start to receive
Distributing transmission resources on Iub interface
Start to send
RRC: Active Set Update(E1a) (From Source Node B to UE)

RRC: Active Set Update Complete (From Source & Target Node B to RNC
simutaneously)
UE connects to Source Node B and Target Node B simutaneously

RNS Relocation
Core Network Core Network
Iu Iu
Serving RNS Iur Target RNS Serviing Target RNS
RNS
RNS
Radio Network Sub-system
 RNS relocation can :

 Reduce the Iur traffic significantly
 Enhance the system adaptability

Hard Handover
 Hard handover measurement is much more complex for UE than

soft handover measurement.
 Inter-frequency hard handover requires UE to measure the signal
of other frequencies.
 WCDMA employs compressed mode technology to support
inter-frequency measurement.

Contents

 Power Control
 Load Control
 RAKE Receiver

Admission Control
 The admission control is employed to admit the access of

incoming call. Its general principal is based on the availability
and utilization of the system resources.
 If the system has enough resources such as load margin, code,
and channel element etc. the admission control will accept the
call and allocate resources to it.

Purpose of Admission Control
 When user initiates a call , the admission control should

implement admission or rejection for this service according to
the resource situation.
 The admission control will sustain the system stability firstly and
try the best to satisfy the new calling service’s QoS request,
such as service rate, quality (SIR or BER), and delay etc. basing on
the radio measurement.
 Admission control is the only access entry for the incoming
services, its strategy will directly effect the cell capacity and
stability, e.g. call loss rate, call drop rate.

Admission Control in Uplink
Itotal_old+ΔI >Ithreshold Interference capacity

Access Service priority
Threshold Reserved capacity for
handover
The forecasted interference including the

delta interference brought by the incoming
service is calculated by the admission
algorithm, and its result depends on the QoS
and transmission propagation environment
Iown-cell
The current RTWP (Received
Total Wide Power) value of cell, Iother-cell
which is reported by Node B ~
N0

Admission Control in Downlink
Ptotal_old+△P>=Pthreshold Max TCP of cell

Access Service priority
Threshold Reserved capacity for
handover
The forecasted TCP value including delta

power required for the incoming service is
calculated by the admission algorithm, and
its result depends on the QoS and
transmission propagation environment.
The current TCP value of cell,
which is reported by Node B
（ Transmitted Carrier Power*Pma
x ）

Content

 Power Control
 Load Control
 RAKE Receiver

Purpose of Load Control
The speed and

Increased transmitted
position changing of
power will increase the
UE may worsen the
system load.
wireless environment.
The purpose of load control is to keep the

system load under a pre-planned threshold
through several means of decreasing it, so as
to improve the system stability. Load control

Load Control Flows
Start
Light loaded Over loaded

Decision
Normal loaded
1.Handover in and
1. Handover in and 1. Handover in access are forbidden
access are allowed and access are 2. TCP increase is
2. Transmitted code allowed forbidden
power (TCP) increase is 2. TCP increase 3. RAB service rate
allowed is allowed degrade
3. RAB service rate 4. Handover out
upgrade is allowed 5. Release call (call
drop)

Load Control in Uplink
 Triggers
 RTWP (Received Total Wide-band Power) value from measurement report
exceeds the uplink overload threshold;
 Admission control is triggered when rejecting the access of services with
lower priority due to insufficient load capacity in uplink.
 Methods for decreasing load

 Decrease the target Eb/No of service in uplink;
 Decrease the rate of none real time data service;
 Handover to GSM system;
 Decrease the rate of real time service, e.g. voice call;
 Release calls.
 Methods for increasing load

 Increase the service rate.

Load Control in Downlink
 Triggers
 TCP (Transmitted Carrier Power) value from measurement report exceeds the
downlink overload threshold;
 Admission control is triggered when rejecting the access of services with lower
priority due to insufficient load capacity in downlink.
 Methods for decreasing load

 Decrease the downlink target Eb/No of service in downlink;
 Decrease the rate of none real time data service;
 Handover to coverage-shared light loaded carrier;
 Handover to GSM system;
 Decrease the rate of real time service, e.g. voice call;
 Release calls.
 Methods for increasing load

 Increase the service rate.

Cell Breathing Effect
Cell breathing
is one of the
means for load
control
The
The purpose
purpose of of cell
cell breathing
breathing is is to
to share
share the
the load
load of
of
hot-spot
hot-spot cell
cell with
with the
the light
light loaded
loaded neighbor
neighbor cells,
cells,
therefore
therefore to
to improve
improve thethe utilization
utilization ofof system
system capacity.
capacity.

Example for load control
 Cell Breathing Effect
 With the increase of activated
terminals and the increase of high
speed services, interference will
increase.
 The cell coverage area will shrink.
 Coverage blind spot occurs
 Drop of call will happen at the edge Coverage and
of cell capacity are
interrelated

Contents

 Power Control
 Load Control
 RAKE Receiver

WCDMA Code Resource
 WCDMA code resource including

 Channelized Code (OVSF code)

Uplink Channelized Code

Downlink Channelized Code
 Scrambling Code (PN code)

Uplink Scrambling Code

Downlink Scrambling Code

Function of OVSF Code
Downlink: distinguish different radio channels from the same NodeB.
OC3, OC4
OC1, OC2
OC5, OC6, OC7
Uplink: distinguish different radio channels from the same UE.
OC1, OC2
OC1 , OC2, OC3
OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4

Function of PN code
 Downlink: distinguish different Cells

 Uplink: distinguish different UEs
Cell Site “1” transmits using PN code 1
PN1 PN1
PN3 PN4
Cell Site “2” transmits using PN code 2
PN2 PN2
PN5 PN6

Why Code Resource Planning?
 The OVSF (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) code tree is a

scarce resource and only one code tree can be used in each cell.
In order to make full use of the capacity, and support as many
connections as possible, it is important to plan and control the
usage of channel code resource.
 Downlink PN code allocation should be planned to avoid the
interference between neighboring cells.
 The uplink PN codes are sufficient, but RNC should plan the
codes to use for avoiding allocating same code to different users
in inter-RNC handover scenario.

Code Resource Planning
 The uplink and downlink scrambling code can be planned easily

by computer.
 The uplink channelized code does not need planning, for every
UE can use the whole code tree alone.
 Therefore, only the downlink channelized code is planned with
certain algorithm in RNC.
 Each cell has one primary scrambling code, which correlates with
a channel code tree. All the users under this cell share this single
code tree, so the OVSF code resource is very limited.
 The downlink channelized code tree is a typical binary tree with
each layer corresponds to a certain SF ranging from SF4 to
SF512.
OVSF Code Tree

Channelized Code Characters
 Code allocation restriction ：

 The code to be allocated must fulfill the condition that its ancestor nodes
including from father node to root node and offspring nodes in the sub tree
are not allocated;
 Code allocation side effect ：

 The allocated node will block its ancestor nodes and offspring nodes, thus the
blocked nodes will not be available for allocation until being unblocked .
SF=8
SF=16
SF=32

Strategy of Channelized Code Allocation
 Full utilization
 The fewer the blocked codes, the higher code tree utilization rate.
 Low Complexity
 Short code first.
 Allocate codes for common channels and physical shared

channels prior to dedicated channels.
 Guarantee the code allocation for common physical channels.
 Apply certain optimized strategy to allocate codes for downlink

dedicated physical channels.

An Example of Code Allocation
SF = 4
SF = 8
SF = 16
SF = 32
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Choose one
13 14 15
code from
three
SF = 4
candidates
SF = 8
SF = 16
SF = 32
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
Red spots represent the codes that have been allocated ；

Green spots represent the codes that are blocked by the allocated offspring
codes ；
Blue spots represent the codes that are blocked by the allocated ancestor codes;
Black spots represent the codes that to be allocated;

Planning of downlink PN code
PN2
PN7 PN3 PN2
PN7 PN3 PN2

PN1
PN6 PN4 PN1 PN7 PN3
PN2 PN5 PN6 PN4 PN1
PN7 PN3 PN2 PN5 PN6 PN4
PN7 PN3 PN2 PN5

PN1
PN6 PN4 PN1 PN7 PN3
PN5 PN6 PN4 PN1
PN5 PN6 PN4
PN5

Contents

 Power Control
 Load Control
 RAKE Receiver

RAKE Receiver
 The multi-path signals contain some useful energy , therefore the

CDMA receiver can combine these energy of multi-path signals
to improve the received signal to noise ratio.
 RAKE receiver adopts several correlation detectors to receive the
multi-path signals, and then combines the received signal
energy.
RAKE
RAKE Receiver
Receiver can
can effectively
effectively overcome
overcome the
the multi-path
multi-path
interference,
interference, consequently
consequently improve
improve the
the receiving
receiving
performance.
performance.

RAKE Receiving
d1
d2
d3
transmittin Receiving
Rake
g
combinatio
nois
n
e
t t t

Multi-finger receiver
 Traditional receiver
 Multi-path signals are treated as interference.
 The receiving performance will decline because of the Multi-address
Interference (MAI).
 Precondition of Multi-finger receiver

 Multi-finger receiver utilizes the Multi-path Effect.
 Multi-finger signals can be combined through relative process
 Multi-finger time delay is larger than 1 chip interval, which is 0.26us=>78m.

Multi-finger receiver
Direct signal
coding decoding
transmitter Reflected signal receiver

Dispersive time < 1 chip interval
Multi-finger receiver can’t supply multi-finger diversity
Direct signal
coding decoding
transmitter Reflected signal receiver

Dispersive time > 1 chip interval
Multi-finger receiver can supply multi-finger diversity, signal gain is improved

RAKE Receiving
Single
receiving
Single
receiving combining signal
receiver
Single
receiving
searcher calculate
s(t) s(t)
t t
RAKE Receiving overcomes multi-finger interference, improves

receiving performance
Combination of Multi-fingers
 Maximal ratio combining (MRC)
at each time delay phase shifting by adding
Finger 1
Finger 2
Finger 3

Contents

 Power Control
 Load Control
 RAKE Receiver

Capacity of WCDMA
UL c
apac
ity is
inter restrai
fere n
nce ed by
DL c
ap
by t acity is
he p
owe restrain
r of e
Nod d
eB

Power Rising
 Power rising occurs because of the Multiple Access Interference

(MAI) resulting from the non-orthogonal code channels.
 WCDMA network Meeting Room

 Code channel transmit talk with dialects
 Channel power voice tone
 Promised channel quality listen clearly
 Channel power rise voice tone rise
 Power climb voice climb
 Collapse over the range can not hear each other

Power Rising
Quantity of Subscriber-- The Total Bandwidth Received by Node B

The Total Bandwidth Power Received by Node B (dBm)
Quantity of Subscriber

Capacity of WCDMA System
 Under the circumstance of single services:
=
=
=

Capacity of WCDMA System
Under the circumstance of mixed services ：
…...
X +
Y +Z


WCDMA Capacity Features
 WCDMA capacity feature

 WCDMA capacity is Soft Capacity.
 The Concept of Soft Capacity

 The system capacity and communication quality are interconvertible.
 Different services have different capacity.
 Different proportion of services have different capacity for mixed services.
 The capacity is also restricted to the allocation of code resource.

Concept of Soft Capacity
Different
service has
different
capacity
Different
combination of
service has different
capacity
System
System capacity
capacity and
and QoS
QoS can
can be
be interconverted
interconverted

Crucial Factors for WCDMA Network (CQC)
Capacity
e
rag
Qu
ve
ali
Co
ty
All
All the
the key
key technologies
technologies adopted
adopted are
are used
used to
to try
try to
to
achieve
achieve the
the optimal
optimal balance
balance of
of the
the three
three factors
factors
Coverage and Capacity
 WCDMA performance is determined by such factors as ：

 Number of users
 Transmission rate
 Moving speed
 Wireless environment

indoors

Outdoors
 The radius of cell depends on such factors as:

 Local radio conditions (local interference)
 Traffic in neighbouring cells (remote interference)
 Cell Radius decrease according to the Increase of user number

Coverage/capacity VS Data Rate
 Higher data rate needs higher power

 High data rate transmission is only available nearby the station
Coverage decrease >384 kbps
>144 kbps
>64 kbps
Subscriber
num >12.2
increase kbps

Optimization methods
 To overcome Cell Breathing Effect caused by increased traffic and

meet different requirements for capacity and coverage in
different environment, following solutions can be applied:
DL  DL/UL:
 transmissiondiversity (Tx Div)  Add carrier
 high power amplifier  six sectors
UL
 Tower Mounted Amplifier
(TMA) Add basestation
 4 Rx Div
“last choice”
 OTSR

Factors affects WCDMA Capacity
Factors Impact on WCDMA capacity
Reducing interference, saving power and Increasing
Power Control
capacity
Handover Impacting the capacity through applying different proportion
Control and algorithm of soft handover
Admission Admitting a connection base on the load and the admission
Control threshold of planned capacity
Monitoring system load and adjusting the ongoing services
Load Control
to avoid overload
The Allocation of codes impacts the maximum number of
OVSF Code
simultaneous connections.
The advanced receiving and baseband processing

RAKE Receiver
technology is introduced to overcome the fast fading
Wireless Wireless environment such as interferences, UE position

Environment and mobility etc. can influent the cell capacity

Exercise
 what is the near-far effect
 what is the purpose of Power Control .
 Power control is classify into ( ) ( ) and ( )
 pls describe WCDMA Handover technology category.
 Handover procedure includes ( ) ( ) and ( )
 What is the Cell Breathing Effect.
 What’s the relation between Capacity, Quality and Coverage?

05 WR - BT1004 - E02 - 1 UMTS Key Technologies-78

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05 WR - BT1004 - E02 - 1 UMTS Key Technologies-78

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UMTS Key Technologies

 WCDMA Key Technologies

 WCDMA Capacity Features

 CDMA is not a new technology

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To achieve acceptable service quality, the transmit power of all users

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Block the whole

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Downlink Power Control Uplink Power Control

Cell transmitted power UE transmitted signal

Power control command (TPC) Power control command (TPC)

• Overcome near-far effect and compensate signal fading

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Open loop power control （ no

Close loop power

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 General principals of open loop power control

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Measure receiving SIR and

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 General principals of inner loop power control

 Inner loop power control is required for the following channels ：

 Inner loop power control is not required for the following

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Measure receiving Measure receiving SIR

Outer Loop Inner loop

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 Outer Loop Power Control algorithm

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 The purpose of DL power control:

 The purpose of UL power control:

WCDMA system capacity depends on the effect of power

 WCDMA Key Technologies

 WCDMA Capacity Features

 When UE is moving from the coverage area of one site to

 Handover is a key technology for mobile networking

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Soft handover (SHO)

 Same Node B, Inter-sector

Hard handover (HHO)

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 During the hard handover procedure, all Hard Handover

 Hard handover may occur in the following

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 The soft/softer handover allows to migrate from one cell to

The two Node Bs Node

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The measurement objects are decided by RNC. Usually, either Ec/N0

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 Event report triggered handover

Measurement result filtered in

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 Events defined in 3GPP specifications

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Quality of target cell decreases, depart from a

The quality of a non-activated set cell is better than