|



@ A ³compiler´ is a program that translates from

one language to another
@ Typically from easy-to-read to fast-to-run
@ e.g. from C or Assembly to machine code
@ Java must be (explicitly) compiled before it is
run
@ The Java compiler turns Java source code
(.java) into Java bytecode (.class)

÷







@ The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is

responsible for running bytecode
@ The idea: bytecode can be interpreted quickly
@ The same bytecode can be interpreted on
any architecture: write once, run anywhere
@ Code (C,C++) compiled to machine code
must be compiled to a specific system

ë









@ Created by Sun Microsystems

@ Introduced in 1995, initial popularity grew due
to Internet applications
Excitement surrounding Java applets
Confusion with Javascript
@ Steady rise in popularity has continued for
³better´ programming reasons

Ñ
 

 


 


@ Java originally intended to be used on ³smart´

consumer electronics
@ Bill Joy
Founded Sun, 1982
Intelligent robots will replace humanity in the near future«
@ James Gosling (³the father of Java´)
University of Calgary grad
First JVM, compiler, interpreter
also developed Emacs
@ Patrick Naughton
Arrested in late 90s on child predator charges
Not mentioned so much as a founding father anymore

D










@ « is a high-level programming language

@ « is very object oriented
@ « is similar to C++ and C
@ « typically compiled to Java bytecode
@ « is often confused with the Java Platform,
but these are two different aspects of ³Java´

A



 


@ The „
 „ of a language define how

we can combine reserved words, symbols,
and identifiers
@ The „

„ of a program statement define
what the statement means
Problem with program syntax = ³error´
Problem with program semantics = ³bug´

o





 

@ A Java program consists of:

One or more „„ „
A class contains one or more
 „
A method contains 
„

„
@ Ëe will explore these terms in detail

·





 
// comments about the class
public class MyProgram
{
à



à
 

  à

à
 


}

-





 
// comments about the class
public class MyProgram
{
// comments about the method
public static void main (String[] args)
{
 

  

|



// HelloWorld.java
public class HelloWorld
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.println(³Hello World!´);
}
}

||



// HelloWorld.java
public class HelloWorld
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.println(³Hello World!´);
}
}

@ Creates a ³class´ called HelloËorld

Compiled to HelloËorld.class
Classes used to define objects« later

|÷



// HelloWorld.java
public class HelloWorld
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.println(³Hello World!´);
}
}

@ The ³main´ method is where it starts to run

Ignore ³public static void´ and ³String[] args´ for
now

|ë



// HelloWorld.java
public class HelloWorld
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
System.out.println(³Hello World!´);
}
}

@ Contains one ³statement´

The ÿ

 function comes from
the Java ³class library´
Ends with a semicolon (all statements do)

|Ñ



 

@ Create the file HelloËorld.java in a text editor

@ Compile:
javac HelloËorld.java
@ Run:
java HelloËorld
@ Output:
Hello Ëorld!

|D

 

@ Three kinds of comments:

// a one-line comment
/* a multi-line
comment */
/** a javadoc comment */

@ To simplify: comments are good

|A


  

@ ] „  „ are specified by the

language
All Java reserved words are in the text
@ 
 „ are specified by a programmer
Maybe you: e.g. HelloËorld
Maybe someone else: e.g. println

|o



 


@ Restriction
Identifiers can not start with a digit
@ Conventions
 „ for class names: HelloËorld
ü „ for constants: MAX

|·

 

 


@ Idea: make programs easy to read

@ Use consistent indentation
@ Use blank lines and comments to visually
separate methods
@ The fact that it compiles doesn¶t make it
right«

|-
 




@ Java is a ³strongly typed´ language

@ All variables and values have a specific type
@ Type is known when the program is
compiled«. x   it is run
@ So all variables and values must be declared
with a type before being used

÷






@ Syntax:
w

 


 w
 w 


 
w 


 w

w 


 w
 w

@ Examples:
int count1, int count 2;
int count = 0;
String course1 = ³CMPT 126´;

÷|
 
 

@ Ëe use the = operator for variable

„„





is a special case
@ Ëhen a value is assigned, the old value is
overwritten
@ In Java, we use the ×
  modifier to
declare a variable constant
×
 


÷÷



 


@ Four integer types:

x 
 

@ Two floating point types
× x
@ One of them is for characters
à
@ One of them is for boolean values
x 

֑



 
 

@ An  „„
is a combination of one or

more  „and  
„
@ Arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, %
Use the normal order of operations
e.g.
 !"#$
àà#%
à##
@ Boolean operators: &&, ||

ք

 
 



@ # is equivalent to #

@ Also:
-=
*=
/=
%=

÷D





@ Non-matching types can be converted

@ A 


 „
 is automatic
e.g. from
  to

@ A


 „
 may lose information
e.g. from ×  to

@ Three kinds of conversion:
Assignment
Promotion
Casting

÷A
 
 


×
 


x 
 


@ Only works for widening conversion

÷o




à 
× 

%&'( 




)à

@ Passing count to an operator that expects

floating point values

÷·



× 

%&'( 

 

*
+



@ Casting works for widening and narrowing

In this example, decimal part is just lost
Note: this does not actually round

÷-



@ The primitive types aren¶t really enough

@ Java also allows x types, or „„ „
Typically capitalized
@ Object variables hold   
 „ to objects
The declaration only creates a reference
@ This is different from primitive types
Variables of primitive type hold a value

ë


 


@ Ëe have already seen one object type in

Java: ÿ

@ A ÿ
object is a list of characters
e.g. ³Hello world!´ or ³My name is Aaron´
@ Can be passed to 
 or 

@ Can be concatenated using the (+) operator
e.g. ³Hello world! ´ + ³My name is Aaron´
³I can also append numbers, like ³ + 2

ë|
 


@ Ëe must create a new ³instance´ of an object

to store something
Each object type has a 
„ (more later)
Create instances using the reserved world ,
e.g. à
,ÿ
*-./% 0+
@ This creates a new ÿ
 in memory
It stores the characters ³CMPT 126´
The assignment sets à
 to    this
instance

ë÷
  
 


String course;
à
1

new String(³CMPT 126´)

./% 

course = new String(³CMPT 126´);

à
1 ./% 

ëë