The Structure

of Counseling
RACHELLE S. ILANO
 Counseling
is a process that requires
coherent framework and
structure.
Three Main Components

Stage 1 Review of the present situation

Stage 2 Development of a new present scenario

Stage 3 Moving into action

Subsections of Stage 1 Pre-Contemplation
Stage 2 Establishment of Contract
the Components Stage 3 Imagining the Relationship
Stage 4 Client and Counselor Meet
Stage 5 Clarity and Focus
Stage 6 Other Issues
Stage 7 Management and Change
Stage 8 Apprehension about Change
Stage 9 Achievement
Stage 10 Ending
Theorical Approaches in Counseling
Psychodynamic
Approach

• Psyche (Mind)
• Dynamic (Active/Alive)
⚬ Activity at human mind both
conscious and unconscious
Conscious
Things that we are aware of.

Subconscious
Areas below our conscious awareness
but fairly easily accessible.

Unconscious
Areas of mind where memories have suppressed and
is usually very difficult to access.
Three Related
Elements of
Personality
by Sigmund Freud

• ID (Instict)
• EGO (Reality)
• SUPEREGO
(Morality)
Behavioral Approach
Focuses on the assumption that the environment
determines the an individual's behavior
 Classical
Conditioning
by Ivan Pavlov
Operant
Conditioning
by B.F. Skinner
Humanistic Approach

Humanistic Counseling recognizes the uniqueness of every individual...

It assumes that everyone has innate capacity to grow emotionally and physiologically
towards goals of self-actualization and personal fulfillment.
Client Centered
Approach
(Person Centered Approach)

• Developed by Carl Rogers

• Focuses on the belief that the clients
control their own destinies
Cognitive - Behavioral
Theory
• Developed by Aaron Beck
• Evidence Based Statement
⚬ What we think and what we do influence
how we feel.
Counseling
Skills
#1
Listening
is the most important skill in
counseling. It is the process of
hearing the other person.
Egan (1994)
List several factors that are necessary for complete listening and these
include the client's non-verbal behavior, as well as understanding verbal
content and meaning.
 Two Primary Source of Information

Content Process

What is specifically said Non-Verbal Phenomena

Distracting
Factors in
Listening • Obvious External Factors
• Response Rehearsal
• Fact Finding
• Being Judgmental
Case Study
CHRISTINE: I know I seem to go over this again and again, but I simply can’t come to terms with the
fact that she told me not to kiss her when she was dying. It is something I can never forget.

Well you know she was never a tactile person. She was not one for showing physical affection.
SISTER:

The next exchange took place between Christine and a minister of the church she had attended.

CHRISTINE: I think about it again and again. Just at the end she turned away from me and rejected the
affection I wanted to show her.

PRIEST: Causing you real distress and sorrow . . .

CHRISTINE: Yes.
#2
Emphaty
ability to put yourself in the
other persons situation
Attending
Behavior
Involves our behavior
which reflects our paying
full attention, in
accepting and supportive
way to the client.
Paraphrasing
Counselor rephrases the
content of client's
message
Example
Client: I know it doesn't help my depression to sit around or stay in bed all
day.

Counselor: It sounds like you know you should avoid staying in bed or
sitting around all day to help yourself.
Steps in
Paraphrasing
• Listen and recall
• Identify the content part of the
message
• Rephrase
• Perception Check
Reflection
Skill of communicating back to clients that
their words and feelings have been heard.
#3
Genuineness
Being truthful and sincere.
Ability to be open and honest and not to act in
superior manner.
#4
Unconditional Positive Regard

• Expression of caring and nurturance and

as well as acceptance.
• Non-judgmental
#5
Asking Questions
• A questioning process to assist the client
in clarifying or exploring thoughts or
feelings
Open-ended question
• Questions that clients cannot easily
answer, "Yes", "No" or one or two word
responses.
Close-ended question
• Questions that clients can be answered by
"Yes" or "No".
Timing of Questions
• Client should never be interrupted no
matter how much they seem to talk
initially.
#6
Counselor Self Disclosure
• Sharing your own experience to make
your client feel that he/she is not alone.
#7
Giving information
• Supplying data, opinions, facts,
resources, or answers to questions.
#8
Silence
• Working in silence happen when the
scenario in counseling becomes quiet.
#9
Summary
• Collection of two or more paraphrase or
reflection that condenses that clients
message on the session.