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22-05-0005r0
:Authors
Name Company Address Phone email
Eli Sofer Runcom 2 Hachoma St., 75655 +972 3 9528440 elisofer@runcom.co.il
Technologies Rishon Lezion, Israel
Yossi Segal Runcom 2, achoma St. 75655 +972 3 952 8440 yossis@runcom.co.il
Technologies Rishon Lezion, Israel
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Abstract
The contribution presents a tutorial on Multi Access OFDM (OFDMA) technology which has been
endorsed in leading standards such as- ETSI DVB-RCT and IEEE802.16a,d and 16e. Essential
parameters of UpLink and DownLink and simulation results are presented. System capabilities
and advantages are also discussed. The tutorial could offer an insight and understanding of
OFDMA technology to be considered as a candidate for WRAN system
Tutorial on
Multi Access OFDM (OFDMA)
Technology
Eli Sofer
Runcom Technologies Ltd
Contents
OFDMA System
Architecture
• Duplexing Technique
FDD/TDD
• Diversity
Frequency, Time, Code (CPE and BS), Space Time
Coding, Antenna Array
Duplexing - Principles
FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing ) Uses One Frequency
for the DownLink, and a Second Frequency for the
UpLink.
TDD (time Division Duplexing) Uses the same frequency
for the Downlink and the Uplink.
In any configuration the access method is OFDMA/TDMA .
DownLink UpLink
FDD
F1 - Frequency band F2 - Frequency band
DownLink UpLink
TDD
F1 - Frequency band F1 - Frequency band
OFDMA-TDMA Principles
Using OFDMA/TDMA, Sub Channels are allocated in
the Frequency Domain, and OFDM Symbols allocated
.in the Time Domain
t TDMA
TDMA\OFDMA
m
DownLink Specification
• Burst Structure is defined from one Sub-channel in the
Frequency domain and n OFDMA time symbols in the
time domain, each burst consists of N data modulated
carriers.
• Adaptive Modulation and Coding per Sub-Channel in
the Down-Link
• Forward APC controlling (+6dB) – (-6dB) digital gain
on the transmitted Sub-Channel
• Supporting optional Space Time Coding employing
Alamouti STC.
• Supporting optional Adaptive Array.
Submission 10 Slide Eli Sofer, Runcom
Runcom Technologies Ltd. 10
January 2005 Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0
symbol
index
n L=0
0 12 24 N used -1
n+1 L=2
0 6 18 30 N used -1
n+2 L=1
0 3 15 27 N used -1
n+3 L=3
0 9 21 N used -1
n+4 L=0
0 12 24 N used -1
time
Rx
Sub- Log-
RF DAC Filter FFT Diversity
channel Likelihood Decoder
Combiner
demod. ratios
symbol
index
n L=0
0 13 26 27 40 52
n+1 L=2
0 2 15 26 28 42 52
n+2 L=4
0 4 17 26 30 44 52
n+11 L=9
0 9 22 26 36 49 52
n+12 L=11
0 11 24 26 38 51 52
n+13 L=0
0 13 26 27 40 52
time
block 1
1 2 3 30 31 32
Frequency band
1
each group contains 2
53 carriers 3
0 2 5 10 21 22 1 5
2
S u c e s s fu l B W re q u e s ts p e r s lo t
1.5
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Collision expectation value
Illustrated Example
Example
• Subscriber Units at the Current OFDMA Symbol = 3
• Sub-Channels Allocated to Subscriber-Unit #1 = 12
• Sub-Channels Allocated to Subscriber-Unit #2 = 9
• Sub-Channels Allocated to Subscriber-Unit #3 = 6
• Number Of New Subscriber-Units Requesting Services = 3
Example
• Constellation at the Base Station
Example
• Users Separation
Example - Results
• User Estimation
Constellation to Estiamte Estimated vec
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
-2 -2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Results
• User Estimation
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
-2 -2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Results
• User Estimation
Constellation to Estiamte Estimated vec
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
-2 -2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Results
• Finding New Subscriber-Units Requesting Services, Using the
Ranging Pilots (CDMA/OFDM Techniques)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
OFDMA System -
Properties
Interference Rejection/Avoidance
• Narrowband Interference Rejection
– Easy to Avoid/Reject Narrowband Dominant Interference .
– Less Interfered Part of the Carrier Can Still Be Used .
User SubCarriers
Interference
Allocation
SubCarriers
Interference Nulled
SubCarriers
SubCarriers
PAPR Reduction
Spectrum Properties
• Rectangular Spectrum Shape (Brick Wall)
• Small Frequency Guard band
dB
OFDM
Single Carrier
Scheme
-80
Frequency
(MHz)
4 MHz
Spectrum Properties
Group Delay
In OFDM, channel impairment are solved in the
same way Group Delays are solved, by Channel
estimation
• Timing Sensitivity
Low timing sensitivity is needed, and simple phase and channel
.estimators solve timing problems
• Frequency Sensitivity
solved by locking onto the Base-Station transmission and deriving
.the Subscriber Unit’s clocks from it
• Equalization
No Equalizers are needed, channel impairment and timing
problems are both solved with simple phase and channel
estimators
Submission 38 Slide Eli Sofer, Runcom
Runcom Technologies Ltd. 38
January 2005 Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0
Sub-hannel
Horizontal
Horizontal
s Set 2
Sub-hannel
F1
s Set 1
F1
Sub-hannel
Vertical
Vertical
s Set 2
Sub-hannel
F1
s Set 1
F1
Capacity
Use modulations with various Bit/Hz capabilities as
Adaptive N-QAM.
Use Adaptive FEC (Convolutional & Reed-Solomon or
Turbo code)
Maximal frequency reuse between cells/sectors
(close to 1).
Maximum sectors allocation.
The use of statistical Multiplexing and concentration.
Adaptive Carrier Allocations.
Adaptive Power Control
Coverage
OFDM Cells OFDMA Cell
(64 mode) (2k mode)
64QAM users
16QAM users
QPSK users
Coverage - Simulations
Coverage - Simulations
Coverage - Simulations