Chapter 4 – Atomic Structure

4.1 and 4.2

I can explain how the model of an
atom has changed over time. PS 4.A.2
Write words typed in BLUE today.
You need your periodic table.
 4.1 Defining the Atom
Atom – smallest part of an element
Where did the idea of
the atom come from?
electron

neutron

proton
 Democritus 460-370BC
Suggested atoms were
indivisible (not invisible).
First to use the word atom
(atomos – Greek for
indivisible).
No scientific methods – did
not do experiments.
 John Dalton 1766-1844

Used experiments to transform

Democritus’ ideas into a
scientific theory.
Created a 5 part Atomic Theory.
 Atomic Theory - 1803
1. All elements are made of atoms.
2. Atoms of the same elet are the same.
3. Atoms of different elets are different.
4. Atoms combine in whole-number
ratios. Ex. H2O
5. Atoms can combine, but cannot be
subdivided.
 Dalton’s Model
of the Atom
Tiny and indestructible with no
internal structure. Draw model.
He did not know
about the other
particles (p,n,e-) in the
atom.
 4.2 Structure of the Atom
Three sub-atomic particles :
protons (p), neutrons (n), and
electrons (e-).
How were the other parts
discovered?
 JJ Thomson 1856-1940
English physicist
Worked with cathode-ray tubes.

How it works –
A gas is in the tube and an electric
current is passed through the tube.
The gas glows from the cathode (neg
electrode) to anode (pos electrode).
Video on next slide
JJ Thomson con’t
Discovered the electron (e-).
Thanks to George Johnstone Stoney
we now know them as electrons.
e- have a negative charge and are
found outside the nucleus.
 Thomson’s Model
of the atom.
Plum Pudding Model (or chocolate
chip cookie model). Draw the model.
1. Ball of positive charge (dough)
2. e- are scattered around
(chocolate chips)
Robert Milikan (1868-1953)
American Physicist
Performed the oil drop
experiment.
Determined the charge
and mass of the
electron.
Video on next slide
 Eugene Goldstein (1850-1930)
German Physicist
Found a positive charge in
the cathode (negative) ray.
Sometimes credited with
the discovery of the proton.
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)
English Physicist

Student of Thomson
Performed the Gold
Foil Experiment (1911)
 Gold Foil Experiment

1. A beam of alpha
(radiation) particles was
shot at a piece of gold foil.
2. Some passed thru, some
deflected, some shot back.
3. He suspected the particles
hit a positive particle.
 Discovered that atoms have a
nucleus.
Nucleus means little
nut in Latin.
Discovered the proton.
Protons have positive charge
and are found in the nucleus.
 Rutherfords Model
of the Atom
e- are in motion
around the pos
nucleus.
Draw model.
This was also called the Planetary
Atomic Theory – e- traveled around
the nucleus like planets around the
sun.
 James Chadwick – (1891-1974)
AKA – “Jimmy Neutron”
Danish Physicist
Coworker of Rutherford.
Discovered the neutron.
Neutron has no charge (neutral) and
is found in the nucleus.
 Neils Bohr (1885-1962)
Danish Physicist
Rutherford’s model did not
explain chemical properties.
Created the Quantum Model
(1913)
e- do not travel like planets
around the sun.
Energy level – the fixed
distance from nucleus
that e- travel in.
Electrons travel up and
down between energy
levels by gaining and
losing energy. (ladder)
Quantum – energy
needed to move from
energy level to energy
level.
 Bohr Model
of the Atom
e- moving in energy levels
around positive nucleus.
He had p, n, and e- in his
atom.
Draw model.
 Summary of Particles
Particle Relative Relative Where found Discovered
Charge Mass by

Proton

Electron

Neutron
 Summary of Particles
Particle Relative Relative Where found Discovered
Charge Mass by

Proton + 1 Nucleus Rutherford

Electron -- 0.0005 e- cloud Thomson

Neutron 0 1 Nucleus Chadwick

Chapter 4.3

Parts of an Atom & Atomic mass

***Need Periodic Table

I can calculate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons

of an element (or isotopes) given its atomic mass (or mass
number) and atomic number. 1.1.E.b
 Periodic Table Intro

Periodic Table - Arrangement of elets

in which the elets are separated by
groups based on repeating properties.
Elets are listed in order of increasing
atomic number on the periodic table.
Period – horizontal rows (1-7)
Group – vertical columns (1-18)
Elets in the same group have similar
properties. Ex. F, Cl, Br, I
 The Atom
Consists of a
nucleus
(of protons (p) and neutrons (n))
electrons (e-) in space around the
nucleus.
Electron cloud

Nucleus
 Atomic Number - Z

Number of protons in the nucleus of an

atom
Elements are different because they
contain different numbers of protons.
In neutral atoms: #protons = #electrons

PEAN – protons, electrons, atomic number

 Mass Number - A
Number of protons plus number of
neutrons in an atom.
Mg = 24.31 mass number = 24
Cl = 35.45 mass number = 35

Most of the mass is in the nucleus

# neutrons = A – Z (mass # -
atomic #)
 Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have
different mass numbers.
Same number of p, different number of
n.
Similar Chemical Properties because
protons and electrons are the same for
all isotopes.
 Ways to show Isotopes
1. Element name-mass number
Ex. Gold-197
2. Complete symbol representation
 IB uses the complete
symbol formula.

5
Which of the following represent isotopes
of the same element? Which element?

234 234 235 238

X X X X

92 93 92 92

Answer: 1,3,4 represent the same element

because they have the same atomic number:
Uranium
 Protons, Neutrons, Electrons Oh My!
Atom A Z protons neutrons electrons

39
K 39 19
19
64
Cu 29 29 35
29
137 81

16 16 16
12
C * 6 6 * 6
6
14
C * 6 6 * 6
6
 Protons, Neutrons, Electrons Oh My!
Atom A Z protons neutrons electrons

39
K 39 19 19 20 19
19
64
Cu 64 29 29 35 29
29
137
Ba 137 56 56 81 56
56
32
S 32 16 16 16 16
16
12
C *12 6 6 *6 6
6
14
C *14 6 6 *8 6
6
http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=WK7wuTwAiBU
 Homework
4.1 HW
Element Quiz All 64
Wednesday/Thursday