1.

1 Basics
1.2 Control of Noise
1.3 Applications
 What is noise ?
 An unwanted sound is a noise

 Sources of Noise
 Aerodynamics
 Mechanical

 Hazard of Noise
 Temporary or permanent hearing impairment
 Aggression and hypertension
 Heart problems and thickness of blood
 Passive Noise Control
 Do not need power to operate.
 Uses vibration isolators, acoustical absorbing materials,
enclosures, barriers, and vibration damping materials.
 Better for high frequency noise.

 Active Noise Control

 Needs electronic circuitry and power.
 Better for Low frequency noise.
Headphones
Motorbike Helmets
Aircraft Cockpit
Battlefield Acoustics
ANC for Smart Materials
Principles of ANC System
Adaptive Noise Control
Adaptive Filter
LMS Algorithm
FXLMS Filter
 Fundamental Element
of ANC System:

 The Plant
 Sensors
 Actuators
 The Controller
 Adaptive Filter

A filter that self-tunes its transfer function coefficients

according to an optimizing filter.

 Adaptive Algorithm

An algorithm used in conjunction with adaptive filter s that

finds the filter’s transfer function coefficients depending upon
the error signal.
 Commonly is FIR Filter.
 IIR can also be used.

An adaptive filter where x(n) is the reference signal, d(n) is the

desired signal and e(n) is the error signal
 Finds the filter coefficients that relate to
producing the least mean squares of the error
signal i.e. difference between the desired and the
actual signal.

 use the method of steepest descent to find a

coefficient vector which minimizes a cost
function.

 FXLMS is a variant of standard LMS.

 FxLMS
Problems:
If the delay in the secondary path is greater
than in the unknown path, the adaptive
filter is non-causal.

In the secondary path the gain of the

transfer function may go to the zero in
some frequencies, Filter will become
unsatble.
 The reference signal fed in the LMS algorithm is
filtered with the estimate of the secondary path.

 The reference signal fed into the adaptive filter is

not filtered with the estimate of the secondary
path.
Modeling of ANC System
Problem Setting

 when the active noise control system is switched

on, the total sound pressure is a linear sum of
primary noise and secondary noise.

 Therefore, the problem of determining total

sound pressure can be divided into two parts:

 How to determine primary noise?

 How to determine secondary noise?
Primary Noise

In the simplest cases, like in the free field conditions

or in a rigid walled box with monopole source, the
primary sound field can be modeled with analytical
functions.

Several challenges arise when the sources and

enclosing structures became more realistic.

Geometrical shapes, material properties, and forms of

construction become complex and easily make
modeling challenging and practically impossible.
Secondary Noise
 The simulation of the secondary sound field shares the
same basic challenges with the primary noise field
simulation but has some major differences.
 The sources of the secondary sound field are known
better.
 The secondary sources are driven by the control system
and one of its inputs is a sum of the primary and the
secondary sound fields at the error sensor position.
 If the secondary sound field has an effect on the
primary sound field, for correct results the simulations
have to be carried out by combining the simulations of
the primary and secondary noise and control systems.
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