What is respiratory system?

 Is a group of tissues and organs in

our body that enable us to breathe.

The process of bringing oxygen to

the body cells to burn the food and
harvest its energy.
Parts and Functions of the Respiratory System
1. NOSE- gateway and the first organ of the
respiratory system wherein the air
(oxygen) enters the body. It responsible
for the sense of smell and helps in
respiration and speech production.
• Nostrils
• Nasal cavity
• Cilia
• Mucous membrane
2. THROAT or PHARYNX- passageway of
air from the oral and nasal cavities to
the lungs, it is also the passageway of
food to the esophagus.
3. VOICE BOX or LARYNX – a hollow
tubular structure that connects the
pharynx and the windpipe (trachea). It
is where the vocal folds or vocal cords
lie and prevents the passage of food
and other foreign particles in the lower
respiratory tracts.
1. WINDPIPE or TRACHEA – a cartilaginous
tube that connects the larynx to the
bronchi of the lungs. It serves as a
passageway of air, moistens, and
warms while it passes into the lungs.
2. LUNGS– it is the primary organs of the
respiratory system. The lungs are
protected by a bony and muscular rib
cage and, a double-layered membrane
(pleura) that lines the thoracic cavity
and covers the lungs.
3. BRONCHI and BRONCHIOLES – the two
branches that split from the trachea
and lead directly to the lungs, called
bronchi (singular, bronchus).
Bronchioles are small bronchial tubes
that deliver air to alveoli.
4. AIR SACS or ALVEOLI– tiny air sacs like
grapes located at the end of the
bronchial tubes and are surrounded by
blood capillaries. The gas exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide happens
between the alveoli (singular, alveolus)
and blood by the process of diffusion.
5. DIAPHRAGM –– a dome-shaped
structure that separates the chest and
abdomen. It is the main respiratory
muscle responsible for inhalation and
exhalation.
 Gas Exchange
• Gas exchange takes O2
place in the alveoli.
• Oxygen diffuses
into the blood. CO2
• Carbon dioxide in
the blood diffuses
into the alveolus.
• Let’s examine this
up close

Capillary
• During inhalation, the
diaphragm contracts and the
rib cage rises up.
• This expands the volume of the
chest cavity.
• The chest cavity is sealed, so
this creates a partial vacuum
inside the cavity.
• Atmospheric pressure fills the
lungs as air rushes into the
breathing passages.
• Often exhaling is a
passive event.
• When the rib cage
lowers and the
diaphragm relaxes, Rib cage
lowers
pressure in the chest
cavity is greater than
atmospheric
pressure.
• Air is pushed out of
the lungs. Exhalation
When you inhale, the diaphragm muscle ____________.
contracts
Inhaling moves the diaphragm __________
down and
__________
expands the chest cavity and moves the ribs _____.
up
There is _______
more space and _________
less air pressure inside
the lungs

When you exhale, the diaphragm muscle ____________.relaxes

Exhaling moves the diaphragm and ribs to their
original place
____________. The chest cavity return to its
_____________.
original size There is now __________
less space and 16
___________
greater air pressure inside the lungs.
 What is circulatory system?
• The circulatory system also known as cardiovascular
system is the life support structure that nourishes
your cells with the nutrients from the food you eat
and the oxygen from the air you breathe.
• The circulatory system functions with the other
organ systems to deliver different materials in the
body. It circulates vital elements such as oxygen and
nutrients. At the same time, it also transports
metabolic waste such as carbon dioxide and
nitrogenous wastes away from the body.
Components of Blood
 • Plasma is a light yellow liquid component that makes
up about half of the content of blood. It carries water,
salts and enzymes. Plasma transport nutrients,
proteins and hormones to the different part of the
body where it is needed.

• (erythrocyte) which constitute about 45% of the

whole blood are another important component of
the blood that contain haemoglobin it circulate
through the body delivering oxygen to the cells.
 • (leucocyte) are involved in the immune response that
identify and target invading bacteria, viruses and other
foreign organisms, they also recycle waste
components such as old red blood cells.

• Platelets (thrombocyte) are tiny blood cells that

help your body form clots to stop bleeding. If one
of your blood vessels gets damaged, it sends
signals to the platelets. The platelets then rush to
the site of damage, they form clot to fix the
damage.
• The blood vessels serve as the network that
channels blood throughout the body. As the
blood flows all over the body, it remain
confined within these blood vessels. It is the
reason why human circulation as well as those
of other vertebrates is described as closed
circulation. Blood vessels are classified
according to structure and functions.
 carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, except for the
pulmonary arteries that carry blood low in oxygen from the right
ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.

return blood low in oxygen back to the heart from the different parts
of the body, except for the pulmonary veins that carry blood rich in
oxygen from the lungs to the left ventricle then to the left atrium of
the heart and to different parts of the body .

The main function of capillaries is the exchange of materials such as

gases and nutrients, and collect waste products of metabolism
between blood and tissues.
HUMAN HEART
 Parts of the Heart and it’s
Functions

Human heart is a four- chambered heart. It is divided into two

divisions (left and right) by the muscle called septum. The atria
which is the receiving chamber receives blood from the
different parts of the body (right atrium) and blood coming from
the lungs (left atrium). While the ventricles are the pumping
chamber, right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs for
oxygenation and left ventricle pumped oxygen- rich blood to the
different parts of the body. The upper and lower chamber of the
heart differ in thickness due to variation in the amount of
myocardium present.
 • Valves are flaps of muscle tissues that prevent
the back flowing of blood.
Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve
control the blood flow from the atria to the ventricle.
Aortic valve and Pulmonary valve
control blood flow out of the ventricle.
Your heart valves are located at the exit of each of your four
chambers and maintain one- way blood flow through your heart.
These valves prevent the blood from flowing back into the
ventricles. This pattern is repeated over and over with each
heartbeat, causing the blood to flow continuously to the heart,
lungs and body.
• The superior vena cava (SVC) returns
deoxygenated blood from the systemic
circulation to the right atrium of the heart.
While inferior vena cava (IVC) is a large vein
that carries blood from the lower and middle
part of the body to the right atrium of the
heart. The wall of the inferior vena cava are
rigid and it has valves so that blood does not
flow down due to gravity.
• The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated
blood from the right side of the heart to the
lungs. Aorta is the largest artery, it convey
oxygen rich- blood pumped by the heart to all
parts of the body. While the pulmonary veins
delivers oxygenated blood from the lungs to
the heart.
TYPES OF BLOOD CIRCULATION