CE-UG-2018

Spring FEB-JUN 2020

PERFORMANCE
CHARACTERISTICS
The fluid quantities involved in all hydraulic
machines are the flow rate (Q) and the head
(H),whereas the mechanical quantities associated
with the machine itself are the power (P). speed (N'),
size (D) and efficiency (ŋ).
The output of a pump running at a given speed is the
flow rate delivered by it and the head developed.
A plot of head against flow rate at constant speed
forms the fundamental performance characteristic of
a pump.
In order to achieve this performance, a power input is
required which involves efficiency of energy transfer.
Thus, it is useful to plot also the power P and the
efficiency ŋ against Q.

Pump
Characteristics
In the case of turbines, the output is the power
developed at a given speed and, hence, the
fundamental turbine characteristic consists of a plot
of power against speed at constant head.
The input in this case is the fluid flow rate and,
therefore, this quantity as well as the efficiency is
usually plotted against the speed to complete the set
of turbine characteristics.
 Each and every hydraulic machine has its cm n set of
characteristics which represent its performance.
H =K1 – K2Q cot β2
there is a definite functional relationship between
the head and flow rate of a rotodynamic machine.
This relationship constitutes the performance
characteristic and is determined experimentally be
performance tests.
Losses and Efficiences
 All hydraulic Machines convert energy from one from into another it is a well
known fact that, in any energy conversion process, losses occur.
 Hydraulic machines also suffer from losses of energy.
 EFFICIENCY:
The efficiency of a machine is always defined as the ratio of the power output of
the machine to the power input into it.
Component losses in Hydraulic
Machines
The actual energy transfer in a rotodynamic machine
occurs in its impeller.
Here the fluid passes through the blade passages and
either receives energy from the moving blades or
imparts energy to them.
Two major sources of energy loss within the impeller:
Frictional losses
Separation losses
Component losses in Hydraulic Machines
For Pump
P= Pm + ρg(hiQi +Hiq+hcQ+HQ)
Shaft
Power
Input

For Turbine
ρgHQ= = Pm + ρg(hiQi +Hiq+hcQ) + P
Fluid
Power
Input
 Power input to shaft
Pm
Power output from shaft= Power
hi Pi
Pi input to impeller

Power output from impeller

hc Pc
Power input to casing= Power
output from impeller- Leakage
Pl loss
Hthn

Hi Useful fluid power output

Useful Fluid
Power Output
Energy balance
H for pump and
summary of
efficiency

Q q
Qi
Energy balance for pump and summary of efficiency
homework
Draw schematic diagram for Turbine and also derive
the equations for efficiencies.
Dimensionless coefficients
Each size and speed combination of the rotodynamic
machine will produce a unique set of characteristics,
so that for one family of the machines , the number of
characteristics needed to be determined is impossibly
large.
The problem is solved by the application of
dimensional analysis and by replacing the variables by
the dimensionless groups so obtained.
Three dimensionless coefficients have been obtained
through the dimensional analysis
KH KQ 1/R 1/Mc
Dimensionless Coefficients
Flow coefficient KQ

Head coefficient KH

Power Coefficient KP
 Similarity Laws
To illustrate the way in which the similarity laws are used in
predicting the performance of a machine of a given size and
running at a given speed from the known performance
characteristics of a geometrically similar machine.
 Consider a centrifugal pump whose characteristics when
operating at a constant speed N1 are as shown by the full lines in
Figure. Let it be required to establish the performance
characteristics of the same pump but running at a faster speed
N2 (broken lines).
If, at N1, the pump is operating at point X such that it delivers at
Qx, generates head Hx and consumes power Px at efficiency x.
Similarity Laws
Example 23.1 (Douglas):
A centrifugal pump, impeller diameter 0.50 m, when
running at 750 rev/min gave on test the following
performance characteristics:
Q(m3/min) 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56

H (m) 40 40.6 40.4 39.3 38 33.6 25.6 14.5 0

 (percent) 0 41 60 74 83 83 74 51 0
Predict the performance of a geometrically similar
pump of 0.35 m diameter and running at 1450
rev/min. Plot both sets of characteristics.
Steps
 Write Q2 in terms of Q1, using flow coefficient
 Write H2 in terms of H1 using head coefficient.
 Efficiency would be same
 Plot characteristic curve for pump 2.

Solution
Solution
Q2(m3/min) 0.00 4.64 9.28 13.93 18.57 23.21 27.85 32.49 37.14
H2 (m) 37.89 38.46 38.27 37.23 36.00 31.83 24.25 13.74 0.00
Efficiency
(percent) 0 41 60 74 83 83 74 51 0
Ratio of efficiencies of two
similar machines is unity
Type Number
The performance of the machines belonging from different
families may be compared by plotting their dimensionless
characteristics on the same graph, but it lacks brevity
required in the machine classification.
This is obtained by the use of Type Number also known as
specific speed.
The type number is obtained from dimensionless coefficients.
With the aid of type number various types of pumps and
turbines may be classified and compared.
The type number refers to design point, it is used as the most
important design parameter.
 Every machine is designed to meet a specific duty, usually referred to as the design
point.
 For a pump, for example, this would be stated in terms of the flow rate and the head
developed and, thus, represents a particular point on its basic performance
characteristic.
 The design point is normally associated with the maximum efficiency of the machine.
 It is thus , informative to compare machines by quoting the values of KQ , KH and Kp
corresponding to their design points. However, since for pumps KQ and KH are the
two important parameters, their ratio would indicate the suitability of a particular
pump for large and small volumes relative to the head developed.
 Since for pumps KQ and KH are the two most important parameters, their ratio would
indicate the suitability of a particular pump for large or small volumes relative to the
head developed. If the ratio is obtained in such a way that the impeller diameter is
eliminated from it, then the comparison becomes independent of machine size.
 This is achieved by raising KQ to the power ½ and KH to the power ¾.
Type number for Pumps
Type number for turbines
The comparison of turbines is also achieved by the
use of their type numbers.
However since for turbine power developed is the
most important variable, an alternative expression for
type number in terms of power developed is obtained
by eliminating D from the ratio of power and head
coefficients.
This is achieved by raising the power coefficient to
the power of ½ and head coefficient to the power of
5/4 and taking their ratio.
Type number for turbines
It must be realized that a value of type number can be
calculated for any point on the characteristic curve.
Such values are, however, of no practical interest and
only the type number at the design point, usually
referred to as the type number, is used for
classification, comparison and design purposes.
Since the type number refers to the design point, it is
used as the most important design parameter.
Water Turbines
Turbines are subdivided into impulse and reaction
machines.
In impulse turbine the total head is first converted into
the kinetic energy. This is usually accomplished in one or
more nozzles.
The jet issuing from the nozzle strike vanes attached to
the periphery of the rotating wheel.
Since the fluid energy which is reduced on passing
through the runner is entirely kinetic energy. It follows
that absolute velocity at the outlet is less than that of
inlet.
In reaction turbines fluid first passes through a ring
of stationary guide vanes in which only part of total
head is being converted in kinetic energy.
The guide vane discharge directly into the runner
along the whole of its periphery, so that fluid entering
the runner has pressure energy as well as kinetic
energy.
The pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy
in the runner (the passage running full)
Water Turbines
Impulse Turbine:
The total head available is first converted into K.E.
Accomplished in one or more nozzles.
The jets issuing form nozzles strike vanes attached to the
periphery of the rotating wheel.
Energy transferred , due to rate of change of angular
momentum
Fluid energy is entirely K.E.
v1>v2
Fluid pressure is atmospheric
Relative velocity is constant.
Reaction turbine:
the fluid passes first through a ring of staitionary guide vanes.
In guide vanes, part of available total head is converted into
K.E.
The guide vanes discharges directly into the runner along the
whole of its periphery.
The fluid entering the runner has pressure energy as well as
K.E.
Pressure Energy is converted into K.E, in the runner.
Relative velocity is not constant , increases through the runner.
There is pressure difference across the runner.
Degree of Reaction
The parameter which describes reaction turbine is
degree of reaction “it is the ratio of static pressure
drop and total Energy transferred per unit weight of
fluid.
Pelton Wheel