(INVERTER) AC Converter • General concept • Principle operation of inverters Single phase half bridge Single phase full bridge • Operation of cycloconverter Concept of Cycloconverter Single phase Cycloconverter Three phase Cycloconverter • Pulse Width Modulation Technique A solid-state AC – AC converter or ( AC Converter) converts an AC waveform to another AC waveform, where the output voltage and frequency can be set arbitrarily.
AC-AC converters can be categorized as
follows:
i). Indirect AC-AC (or AC-DC-AC)
converters (i.e., with rectifier, DC link and inverter) ii). Cycloconverters 3 Inverter • DEFINITION: Converts DC to AC power by switching the DC input voltage (or current) in a pre-determined sequence so as to generate AC voltage (or current) output. • General block diagram IDC Iac
+ +
VDC Vac •TYPICAL APPLICATIONS:
– Un-interruptible power supply (UPS),
Industrial (induction motor) drives, Traction, HVDC Simple square-wave inverter (1) • To illustrate the concept of AC waveform generation
SQUARE-WAVE INVERTER
T1 T3 D1 D3
+ VO - VDC IO T4 T2 D2 D4
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
S1 S3
S4 S2 AC Waveform Generation
S1,S2 ON; S3,S4 OFF for t1 < t < t2
vO
S1 S3 VDC
VDC t + vO t1 t2 S4 S2
S3,S4 ON ; S1,S2 OFF for t2 < t < t3
vO
S1 S3
VDC t2 t3 + vO t
S4 S2 -VDC AC Waveforms INVERTER OUTPUT VOLTAGE
Vdc
-Vdc
FUNDAMENTAL COMPONENT V1 4VDC
3RD HARMONIC V1 3
5RD HARMONIC V1 5 Harmonics Filtering DC SUPPLY INVERTER (LOW PASS) FILTER LOAD L + + C vO 1 vO 2
BEFORE FILTERING AFTER FILTERING
vO 1 vO 2
• Output of the inverter is “chopped AC voltage with zero DC
component”. It contain harmonics.
• An LC section low-pass filter is normally fitted at the inverter
output to reduce the high frequency harmonics.
• In some applications such as UPS, “high purity” sine wave output
is required. Good filtering is a must. • In some applications such as AC motor drive, filtering is not required. Variable Voltage Variable Frequency Capability
Vdc2 Higher input voltage
Higher frequency
Vdc1 Lower input voltage
Lower frequency T1 T2 t
• Output voltage frequency can be varied by “period” of the square-wave
pulse.
• Output voltage amplitude can be varied by varying the “magnitude” of the DC
input voltage.
• Very useful: e.g. variable speed induction motor drive
• Transistors switched on and off alternately • Need to isolate the gate signal for Q1 (upper device) • Each provides opposite polarity of Vs/2 across the load Q1 on, Q2 off, vo = Vs/2
Peak Reverse Voltage of Q2 = Vs
Q1 off, Q2 on, vo = -Vs/2 Waveforms with resistive load Look at the output voltage
rms value of the output voltage, Vo
1 To 2 2 2 2 V Vs Vo 0 4 dt 2 s
To Fourier Series of the instantaneous output voltage ao vo an cos(nt ) bn sin(nt ) 2 n 1 ao , an 0 1 Vs 0 Vs bn sin(nt )d (t ) sin(nt )d (t ) 2 0 2 2Vs bn n 1,3,5,... n 2Vs vo sin(nt ) n 1,3,5,.. n rms value of the fundamental component
2Vs vo sin nt n 1,3,5,.. n
1 2Vs Vo1 2 Vo1 0.45Vs When the load is highly inductive Turn off Q1 at t = To/2 Current falls to 0 via D2, L, Vs/2 lower
+ Vs/2 -
+ Vs/2 - Turn off Q2 at t = To Current falls to 0 via D1, L, Vs/2 upper
+ Vs/2 -
+ Vs/2 - Load Current for a highly inductive load
Transistors are only switched on for a quarter-cycle, or 90
Fourier Series of the output current for an RL load
vo vo 2Vs io sin(nt n ) Z R jn L n 1,3,5,... n R (n L) 2 2
n L n tan ( 1 ) R Fundamental Output Power In most cases, the useful power
• Q1-Q2 and Q3-Q4 switched on and off alternately • Need to isolate the gate signal for Q1 and Q3 (upper) • Each pair provide opposite polarity of Vsacross the load Q1-Q2 on, Q3-Q4 off, vo = Vs
+ Vs - Q3-Q4 on, Q1-Q2 off, vo = -Vs
- Vs + When the load is highly inductive Turn Q1-Q2 off – Q3-Q4 off Turn Q3-Q4 off – Q1-Q2 off Load current for a highly inductive load CYCLOCONVERTER CYCLOCONVERTER : CONCEPT & DEFINATION A cycloconverter converts a constant voltage, constant frequency AC waveform to another AC waveform of a lower frequency by synthesizing the output waveform from segments of the AC supply without an intermediate DC link
The amplitude and frequency of converters'
output voltage are both variable. Cycloconverter are naturally commutated and the maximum output frequency is a fraction of the source frequency.
Therefore, cycloconverters are low speed ac
motor drives in range up to 15 MW with frequencies from 0 to 20 Hz Some applications of cycloconverters are: •Induction motor drives •Cement mill drives •Ship propulsion drives •Rolling mill drives •Scherbius drives (for speed control purposes driving wound rotor induction motors). •Ore grinding mills •Mine winders Single-phase to Single-phase (1f-1f) Cycloconverter
This converter consists of back-to-back
connection of two full-wave rectifier circuits.
Fig 1 shows the operating waveforms for
this converter with a resistive load. Figure 1 : single phase to single phase cycloconverter Operation principle • The input voltage, vs is an ac voltage at a frequency, fi as shown in Fig. 1a. • For easy understanding assume that all the thyristors are fired at =0° firing angle, i.e. thyristors act like diodes. • Note that the firing angles are named as p for the positive converter and N for the negative converter. Consider the operation of the cycloconverter to get one-fourth of the input frequency at the output. •For the first two cycles of vs, the positive converter operates supplying current to the load. It rectifies the input voltage; therefore, the load sees 4 positive half cycles as seen in Fig.2b. •In the next two cycles, the negative converter operates supplying current to the load in the reverse direction. • The current waveforms are not shown in the figures because the resistive load current will have the same waveform as the voltage but only scaled by the resistance. • Note that when one of the converters operates the other one is disabled, so that there is no current circulating between the two rectifiers. Figure 2 : Output Waveforms • The frequency of the output voltage, vo in Fig. 2b is 4 times less than that of vs, the input voltage, i.e. fo/fi=1/4. Thus, this is a step-down cycloconverter.
• On the other hand, cycloconverters thathave fo/fi>1
frequency relation are called step-up cycloconverters.
• Note that step-down cycloconverters are more
widely used than the step-up ones. The frequency of vo can be changed by varying the number of cycles the positive and the negative converters work.
It can only change as integer multiples of fi
in 1f-1f cycloconverters. • The single phase to single phase cycloconverter can only supply a certain voltage at a certain firing angle . • The dc output of each rectifier is:
where V is the input rms voltage.
Then the peak of the fundamental output
voltage is
Thus varying , the fundamental output
voltage can be controlled. Three-Phase to Single-Phase (3f-1f) Cycloconverter
There are two kinds of three-phase to
single-phase (3f-1f) cycloconverters: i. 3f->1f half-wave cycloconverter ii. 3f->1f bridge cycloconverter 3f-1f half-wave cycloconverter 3f-1f bridge cycloconverter Operation Like the 1f-1f case, the 3f-1f cycloconverter applies rectified voltage to the load. Both positive and negative converters can generate voltages at either polarity, but the positive converter can only supply positive current and the negative converter can only supply negative current. The modulation of the output voltage and the fundamental output voltage are shown in Fig. 6. Note that a is sinusoidally modulated over the cycle to generate a harmonically optimum output voltage. Three-Phase to Three-Phase (3f-3f) Cycloconverter • The three-phase cycloconverters are mainly used in ac machine drive systems running three phase synchronous and induction machines.
• They are more advantageous when used with a
synchronous machine due to their output power factor characteristics.
• A cycloconverter can supply lagging, leading, or unity
power factor loads while its input is always lagging
