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V©
V uper tructure
À nything above the ground level (GL)
À Main Components of a building fall in super structure
À It is in direct use of occupants
À as to be properly designed
À elps achieve basic objective of the building
V 3hick outer walls or cavity walls
V un shades/ double glass
V False ceiling
V Copper lightening conductor/ roof slope/
window grills/ strong pans etc
V Minimum required openings/ doors
V Etc.
V Good building site.
V roperly planned and designed.
V dequate provision for sleeping, bathing, rest
and recreation.
V Rooms properly placed according to utility.
V roperly oriented.
V rivacy from outside and inside.
V Free movement within the building.
V Flexibility for usage for functions.
V Quality fittings and fixtures.
V ite election and Orientation
V rchitectural Design
V Engineering Design
V Execution at site
V election of site is only valid once there are
multiple choices. For example if one decides to
purchase a plot he should consider orientation
of plot and it·s location. On the other hand if a
person wants to reconstruct ancestor·s house
he has no choice but to achieve objectives at
the same location
À Level of site.
À Climatic conditions.
À ubsoil conditions.
À Modern amenities.
À Other facilities.
À urroundings.
À 3ype of building i.e. residential, educational,
hospital etc.
À Other considerations like noise/ air pollution,
well-drained, safe horizontal and vertical
distance from ht/ lt line etc.
V 3he art of placing a building in such a position so
that it·s front faces a particular direction is called
orientation.
V It also includes the arrangements of rooms of a
building so as to provide natural comfort to inmates.
V Orientation needs first consideration after selection
of site for proper planning and design of a building.
V In unjab if the building side is towards south or
southeast, it will be very hot in summers.
V Verandahs, baths or stores may be provided towards
south to save bedrooms, drawing and dining from
heat of summers. On this side, windows are made
narrow and must be provided with sunshades.
V Cavity walls may also be considered.
V Longer side of building is exposed towards the wind
direction for better ventilation.
V uits the surroundings.
V rivacy.
Verandah
V hould be 6· to 10· wide on front or back. In hot areas
direction of sun be considered; providing towards
south be appropriate
V rea is generally 100 ft2. rovided in one kanal or
bigger house.
V On ground floor; it should be independent and on
the backside.
V On top floor; it should have separate approach with
steel stairs.
V Independent bathroom should also be provided.
Car porch
V Constructed in front: open from two or three sides. 8·
x 16· for one car and 16· x 16· for two cars is the min
requirement.
V Doors and windows should be minimum as these
utilize space and increase cost. In a normal
house windows should cover 15 to 20% of floor
area. On the other hand windows and doors
provide ventilation and light. 3hese if provided
on opposite side, provide ventilation.
V uitable dimensions of the doors are: -
À Main gate min 8·-0µ
À Main doors 4·-0µ x 7·-0µ
À red room doors 3·-0µ x 7·-0µ
À rath room doors 3·-6µ x 7·-0µ
V Look at the funds; plot size and requirements. Fix the sizes of
different rooms, add 9µ in each direction for half walls on
both sides and draw components separately according to a
suitable scale. Cut rectangles to a suitable scale.
V Draw boundary of the plot on the same scale on another
graph paper and mark necessary open space according to
the prevalent bylaws. 3ry to adjust the different components
in a suitable way by placing the rectangles over the plot
area to be covered.
V Make different trials to achieve the best solution keeping
the position of doors to be provided. ccording to the
selected plan roughly draw the plan on a graph paper
making small and necessary adjustments. Decide the
positions of doors, windows, ventilators, cupboards, exhaust
fans, air conditioners etc.
V If the features cannot be adjusted accurately, reconsider
the arrangements. Now a days computer software have
made the job easy.
V Completion Drawing