EARLY BEGINNINGS OF CULTURE

AND SOCIETY
Human Evolution
It is the belief that we
humans are evolved from
monkeys.
It is the studies were
humans are Homo sapiens
from around 315,000
years.
But today there is none
yet proof and evidence
that humans are from
monkeys.
It stays as a Theory.
 Fossil Evidence
-from skeleton to teeth, early human fossils
have been found of more than 6,000
individuals.
- With the rapid pace of new discoveries
every year, all the samples have been studied
so;
 From them we understand things like:
 How well the adapted an early human
species was for walking upright.
 How well adapted an early human species
was for living in hot, tropical habitats or
cold, temperature environments.
 The different between male and female
body size, which correlates to aspects of
social behaviour.
 How quickly or slowly children of early
human species grew up.
 First Inhabitants of the Philippines

 Many historians and

scientists believe that the
first inhabitants of the
Philippine islands emerged
during the Pleistocene
period.
 There are two theories on
where the inhabitants (first
Filipinos) came from
namely: Beyer’s “Migration
Theory” and Jocano’s
“Evolution Theory”.
Migration Theory
 Migration Theory
Beyer’s said that the first
migrants were called
 “Dawnmen” because they lived
in caves. It resembled Java
Man, Peking man and other
Asian home sapiens who
existed about 250,000 years
ago.
 They don’t have knowledge of
agriculture, and lived only by
hunting and fishing.
 It was precisely in search of
food that they came to
Philippines by land bridges
connected to Indonesia.
Pygmies called “Aetas or Negritos”
 About 30,000 years ago, they cross
land bridged from Malaya, Borneo
and Australia until they reached
Palawan, Mindoro ad Mindanao.
 They were practically naked and
were good at hunting, fishing and
food gathering.
 They use spears and small flint
stones weapons.
 Beyer said that Aetas were already
in the Philippines when the land
bridges disappeared due to the
thinning of the ice glaciers and the
subsequent increase in seawater
level. This natural event forced
them to remain in the country and
become its first permanent
inhabitants.
Malays
 They were believed to have
come from Java, Sumatra,
Borneo and the Malay Peninsula
more than 2,000 years ago.
 Also they travel by boats like
Indonesians.
 They were brown skins, medium
height with straight black hair
and flat noses.
 Their technology was said to be
more advance than that of their
predecessors.
 They engaged in pottery,
weaving, jewelry making and
metal smelting and introduced
the irrigation system in rice
planting.
Jocano’s Theory
Jocano’s Theory
An anthropologist named
Felipe Landa Jocano disputes
Beyer’s belief that Filipinos
descended from Negritoes and
Malays who migrated to the
Philippines thousands of years
ago.
 Based on fossil evidence he
said that the first men who
came to the Philippines also
went to New Guinea, Java,
Borneo and Australia.
 In 1962, a skullcap and a
portion of a jaw-presumed to
be human origin were found in
the Tabon Caves of Palawan by
archaeologist named Robert
Fox and Manuel Santiago, who
both worked for the National
Museum.
 By the used of carbon dating
the age of the found bones are
at the age of 21,000 to 22,000
years.
 He said that the “Tabon Man”
is resembled to Java Man and
Peking Man. That gathered
fruits, leaves and plants for
food; he hunted with weapons
made of stone.
Tools Traditional Of Early Men
 The earliest tools used by
pre-human primates were
pebbles or a small or
round stone that has been
made smooth by the
movement of water.
 Some of these tools are
not look like tools, but
they labelled it by the
sizes of the tools.
 The old artefacts in Asia
are probably chopping
tools recovered in
Choukotien.
In Europe, hand ax called the Abbevilian.
Africa,stone tools.
In India same chopper tools similar to
Europe and Africa.
In the Philippines, it is a big, crudely worked
choppers found by Robert Fox and Alfredo Evangelista in
Palawan.
The New Stone Age
The New Stone Age
 It starts from Neolithic period
refers to the period of flaked and
polished stone implements.
 And Neolithic means “New Stone”.
 In this period, man begun to make
better tools for the domestications
of plants and animals.

Bacsonian – it is the first known

type of implements from this period,
which is a roughly flaked tool with
ground blades or cutting edges.
 The Late New Stone Age between
2,000 B.C and 100 A.D was
characterized by;
 The Use of hard materials capable
of being polished.
 The use of new techniques of tool
making, such as saving and
drilling.
 The appearance of well
developed, beautifully polished
rectangular and trapezoidal tools
with completely flattened sides.
 The Late New Stone Age people
were competent tool maker, from
stone they made tools from jade
and other products made of fine
types of stone implements known
as stepped adzes were made.
Race Mixture
Race Mixture

 Anthropologists have not found any evidence,

regarding the mixture of races:
1. Interracial crosses.
2. Cases of human race mixtures hybrid vigor in
physique and mentality.
3. That hybridization produces physical or
psychological weaknesses or inferiority.
4. Any special psychological or personality
manifestation which can be traced directly to the
biological process of mixture itself.
Race Classification
 11 Major Races
1. Caucasoid
2.Mongoloid
3. African Negroid
4. Melanesian
5. Micronesian-Polynesian
6. Congo or Central African Pygmy
7. Eastern Pygmy
8. Australoid
9. Bushman-Hottentot
10. Ainu
11. Veddoid
Social Stratification
 Social stratification refers to the ranking of
individual and groups in any given society.
 It is a basic component of social organization,
it is found in all human groups.
 It contains strata the share unequally in the
distribution of societal rewards.
 It is the hierarchical arrangement and
establishment of social categories that evolve
into social groups as well as of statuses and
their corresponding roles.
Basic Components of
Inequality
 Stratification theories use inequality to refer
to the situation in which the economic goods
in a society are distributed unevenly among
different groups or categories of people.
They agree that economic inequality
produces or leads to the other forms of
inequality in society, and that these patterns of
inequality, in turn, lead to economic inequality.
Social Stratification System
 Differentiation refers to how things or place can
be distinguished from one another. People may
be differentiated on the basis of the colour of
their skin, colours of hair and the like.
Stratification refers to the ranking of things or
people. In closed stratification, people cannot
change their ranking. In open stratification people
can change their ranking.
 Stratification refers to separating people into
categories. These categories are rank as higher or
lower.
Dimension of Stratification

 Wealth and income

 Inequality of power – sociologist define
power as the ability to control one’s own life
(personal power) and to control or influence
the actions of others (social power).
Theory of Social
Stratification
The Conflict Theory by Karl Marx
 It is a theory that society is in a state of
perpetual conflict because of competition for
limited resources.
 Conflict theory holds that social order is
maintained by domination and power, rather
than by consensus and conformity.
THANK YOU!!