Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
October 2020
ACIPH
Group II Members
1. Rahel Demissew 8. Tsedy Damtew
2. Ruth Filimona 9. Tsion Mulugeta
3. Simret Hailemichael 10. Yihenew Yirdaw Aberea
4. Seyoum Enkubahriri 11. Yirgalem Yigletu
5. Soliyana Hailu 12. Yitbarek Fantahun
6. Tewodros worku 13. Yoseph Yemane
7. Tilahun Lulseged 14. Yared Wolday
Outline
• What is Climate?
• What is Climate Change?
• What causes Climate change?
• What is its Impacts on Health and on the life of African Population?
• What were the global responses?
• What should be the public health response?
• Comment and Questions
• Reference
What is Climate and Climate Change ?
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
Weather
Climate
the average weather
conditions that persist over
multiple decades or longer
the classical period for
averaging these variables is
30 years, as defined by the
World Meteorological
Organization
MEASURES OF CLIMATE
Relevant quantities are most often
surface variables
Temperature
Precipitation
wind
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE
encompasses
Versus
Why this look?
Observed global mean surface temperature (GMST) for the decade 2006–2015 was 0.87°C (likely
between 0.75°C and 0.99°C) higher than the average over the 1850–1900 period
Estimated anthropogenic global warming matches the level of observed warming to within ±20%
IPCC projects the rise in temperature to be between 1.4 to 5.4 degrees by 2100 from the levels in
1900
IPCC estimates that the combined effects of ice melting and expansion of sea water from sea
warming would increase the sea level by 0.1 to 0.9 meters from 1900 to 2100
CLIMATE CHANGE
Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined
rapidly over the last several decades
The earth has gone through warm and cool phases in the past, and long
before humans were around. Forces that contribute to climate change
include the sun’s intensity, volcanic eruptions, and changes in naturally
occurring greenhouse gas concentrations.
Causes of Climate Changes
2. Anthropogenic causes of climate change
Humans—more specifically, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions we generate—are the leading
cause of the earth’s ‘rapidly changing climate. This happened through the green house effect.
“Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have increased since the pre-industrial era
driven largely by economic and population growth. From 2000 to 2010 emissions were
the highest in history. Historical emissions have driven atmospheric concentrations of
carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide to levels that are unprecedented in at least
the last 800,000 years, leading to an uptake of energy by the climate system’’.
IPCC
Green House Gases
• Carbon dioxide
• combustion of solid waste, fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), and wood and wood products.
It accounts for 76% to the total anthropogenic GHG emmisions.
• Methane :
• production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from the
decomposition of organic wastes in municipal solid waste landfills, and the raising of livestock.
• Nitrous oxide
• agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels.
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6),
• industrial processes
Human activities affecting emission Drivers:
1. Power Plants- A large percent of carbon dioxide emissions stem from
electricity production.
2. Transportation- CO2 emissions comes from the transportation of people
and goods.
3. Farming- Industrial farming and ranching releases huge levels of methane
and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
4. Deforestation- to use wood for building materials, paper and fuel increases
global warming in two ways -- the release of carbon dioxide during the
deforestation process and the reduction in the amount of carbon dioxide
that forests can capture.
Continued…
5. Fertilizers- use of nitrogen-rich fertilizers increases the amount of heat cropland can store. Nitrogen
oxides can trap up to 300 times more heat than carbon dioxide.
6. Oil Drilling- Burn-off from the oil drilling industry impacts the carbon dioxide released into the
atmosphere. Fossil fuel retrieval, processing and distribution accounts for roughly eight percent of
carbon dioxide and thirty percent of methane pollution.
7. Natural Gas Drilling- causes massive air pollution in states like Wyoming; the hydraulic fracturing
technique used to extract natural gas from shale deposits pollutes ground water sources as well.
8. Permafrost- The melting of permafrost releases tons of trapped green house gases which further
speeds up the melting of more permafrost.
9. Garbage -As trash breaks down in landfills, it releases methane and nitrous oxide gases.
Approximately eighteen percent of methane gas in the atmosphere comes from waste disposal and
treatment.
What is its impact on health
and on the life of African
population?
Impact on life of African population
• Weather pattern
• Water supplying and quality
• Agriculture and food
• Human health
• Shelter
• National security
• ecosystem
Weather pattern
Human health
• Rapid spread of communicable disease
• Increase in vector born diseases
• Increase in water born diseases
• Malnutrition
National security
• Increase in number of conflicts (internal and external)
• Conflict over the use of limited natural resources
• Conflict due to migration Shelter
• Destruction of many homes and villages
• Unable to respond and rebuild due to lack of resource
• Migration
Ecosystem
Indirect impacts
• Communicable disease
• Vector born disease
• Food and water born disease
• Neglected tropical disease
• Malnutrition
1.Communicable disease
• It results from infection by pathogens like viruses
,bacteria ,fungi ,protozoa and parasites
• Transmitted by physical contact with infected person ,
vector organisms and contaminated substance
• Temperature and moisture availability are two
environmental factors influenced by climate change that
affect pathogens proliferation
• Increase in over crowed areas
• Includes, Tuberculosis ,dermatopytosis ,ebolavirues
Tuberculosis
• Associated with over crowding and poor public health
infrastructure
• Common in climate migrants in refuges camps
• Climate influences TB transmission more directly
• High in wet season than dry season
2. Vector born diseases
• Accounts for approximately 17% of all infectious diseases
• Significant public health problem specially in Africa
• Includes :
Malaria
Dengue fever
Yellow fever
leishmaniasis
trypanosomiasis
Malaria
• Transmitted by the plasmodium species anopheles
mosquito
• Transmission is associated with increased rainfall in dry
regions and high temperature in high altitudes,
• Sensitive to climate variables (humidity)
• Reproduction of P.vivax takes 55 days in 16 C, 29 days at
18 C, only 7 days in 28C
Food and water born disease
• Established in 1988
• Mitigation
• Adaptation
• Climate Engineering
Mitigation
Mitigation: is preventing as much additional warming as possible by reducing greenhouse gas emissions
• UNFCCC
• Kyoto
• COP
• Paris Agreement
• SDG
IPCC Reports
First Assessment Report (FAR) in 1990
Importance of climate change as a challenge with global consequences and
requiring international cooperation
Played a decisive role in the creation of UNFCCC
• The 197 countries that have ratified the Convention are called Parties to the
Convention
• SDG 13 specifically
“Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts”
• Incremental adaptation- actions where the central aim is to maintain the essence
and integrity of a system
• Agricultural production
• Reforestation
• Weather control
• Co-benefits provide another important framework for public health action on climate change
• Economic considerations are critical in public health planning. The mandate to maximize
health protection at the lowest short-term and long-term cost is highly relevant to climate
change