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Global Climate Change

October 2020
ACIPH
Group II Members
1. Rahel Demissew 8. Tsedy Damtew
2. Ruth Filimona 9. Tsion Mulugeta
3. Simret Hailemichael 10. Yihenew Yirdaw Aberea
4. Seyoum Enkubahriri 11. Yirgalem Yigletu
5. Soliyana Hailu 12. Yitbarek Fantahun
6. Tewodros worku 13. Yoseph Yemane
7. Tilahun Lulseged 14. Yared Wolday
Outline

• What is Climate?
• What is Climate Change?
• What causes Climate change?
• What is its Impacts on Health and on the life of African Population?
• What were the global responses?
• What should be the public health response?
• Comment and Questions
• Reference
What is Climate and Climate Change ?
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
Weather

 the state of the atmosphere


at any given time and place

Climate
 the average weather
conditions that persist over
multiple decades or longer
 the classical period for
averaging these variables is
30 years, as defined by the
World Meteorological
Organization
MEASURES OF CLIMATE
Relevant quantities are most often
surface variables

 Temperature
 Precipitation
 wind
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
CHANGE

Climate change is a change in


the typical or average weather
of a region or the world

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC


A change of climate which is attributed directly
or indirectly to human activity that alters the
composition of the global atmosphere and
which is in addition to natural climate
variability observed over comparable time
periods
CLIMATE CHANGE

encompasses

 increases and decreas­es in


temperature
 Shifts in precipitation
 changes in the wind pattern
CLIMATE CHANGE
Are there evidences of climate change?

Versus
Why this look?

“I have a dream that the people in power, as well as the


media, start treating this crisis like the existential
emergency it is.”
CLIMATE
Climate change is REAL!

Evidences of climate change


Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, 2018

 Observed global mean surface temperature (GMST) for the decade 2006–2015 was 0.87°C (likely
between 0.75°C and 0.99°C) higher than the average over the 1850–1900 period

 Estimated anthropogenic global warming matches the level of observed warming to within ±20%

 IPCC projects the rise in temperature to be between 1.4 to 5.4 degrees by 2100 from the levels in
1900

 IPCC estimates that the combined effects of ice melting and expansion of sea water from sea
warming would increase the sea level by 0.1 to 0.9 meters from 1900 to 2100
CLIMATE CHANGE

Evidences of climate change

NASA, Global climate change, Vital signs of the planet


 The planet's average surface temperature has risen about
2.05 degrees Fahrenheit (1.14 degrees Celsius) since the
late 19th century

 The ocean has absorbed much of this increased heat, with


the top 100 meters (about 328 feet) of ocean showing
warming of more than 0.6 degrees Fahrenheit (0.33 degrees
Celsius) since 1969
CLIMATE CHANGE
Evidences of climate change

NASA, Global climate change, Vital signs of the planet


 Greenland lost an average of 279 billion tons of ice per year
between 1993 and 2019, while Antarctica lost about 148 billion
tons of ice per year

 Global sea level rose about 20 centimeters in the last century.


The rate in the last two decades is nearly double that of the last
century

 Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined
rapidly over the last several decades

 the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30%


CLIMATE CHANGE Lake Haramaya is back. But for how
long?
Evidences of climate change

Climate Change Profile: Ethiopia, 2019

 Ethiopia is faced with increasingly unpredictable


rains, and in some years the complete failure of
seasonal rains – occurrences that are linked to
climate change
Causes of Climate Change
Causes of Climate Changes:
1. Natural causes of climate change

The earth has gone through warm and cool phases in the past, and long
before humans were around. Forces that contribute to climate change
include the sun’s intensity, volcanic eruptions, and changes in naturally
occurring greenhouse gas concentrations.
Causes of Climate Changes
2. Anthropogenic causes of climate change
Humans—more specifically, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions we generate—are the leading
cause of the earth’s ‘rapidly changing climate. This happened through the green house effect.

“Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions have increased since the pre-industrial era
driven largely by economic and population growth. From 2000 to 2010 emissions were
the highest in history. Historical emissions have driven atmospheric concentrations of
carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide to levels that are unprecedented in at least
the last 800,000 years, leading to an uptake of energy by the climate system’’.
IPCC
Green House Gases
• Carbon dioxide
• combustion of solid waste, fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), and wood and wood products.
It accounts for 76% to the total anthropogenic GHG emmisions.
• Methane :
• production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from the
decomposition of organic wastes in municipal solid waste landfills, and the raising of livestock.
• Nitrous oxide
• agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels.
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6),
• industrial processes
Human activities affecting emission Drivers:
1. Power Plants- A large percent of carbon dioxide emissions stem from
electricity production.
2. Transportation- CO2 emissions comes from the transportation of people
and goods.
3. Farming- Industrial farming and ranching releases huge levels of methane
and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
4. Deforestation- to use wood for building materials, paper and fuel increases
global warming in two ways -- the release of carbon dioxide during the
deforestation process and the reduction in the amount of carbon dioxide
that forests can capture.
Continued…
5. Fertilizers- use of nitrogen-rich fertilizers increases the amount of heat cropland can store. Nitrogen
oxides can trap up to 300 times more heat than carbon dioxide.

6. Oil Drilling- Burn-off from the oil drilling industry impacts the carbon dioxide released into the
atmosphere. Fossil fuel retrieval, processing and distribution accounts for roughly eight percent of
carbon dioxide and thirty percent of methane pollution.

7. Natural Gas Drilling- causes massive air pollution in states like Wyoming; the hydraulic fracturing
technique used to extract natural gas from shale deposits pollutes ground water sources as well.
8. Permafrost- The melting of permafrost releases tons of trapped green house gases which further
speeds up the melting of more permafrost.

9. Garbage -As trash breaks down in landfills, it releases methane and nitrous oxide gases.
Approximately eighteen percent of methane gas in the atmosphere comes from waste disposal and
treatment.
What is its impact on health
and on the life of African
population?
Impact on life of African population
• Weather pattern
• Water supplying and quality
• Agriculture and food
• Human health
• Shelter
• National security
• ecosystem
Weather pattern

• Flooding -- most prevalent disaster in Africa(most common in north Africa)


• Drought– more common especially in tropics and sub tropics
• Wild fire
• Deforestation

Water supply and quality:

• Change in distribution of rainfall


• Drying up of river
• Melting of glaciers and receding body of water
• Lack of access to clean water
• Lack of adequate sanitation
Agriculture and food
• Reduction in crop yield and live stock productivity
• High food price
• Increase risk of hunger

Human health
• Rapid spread of communicable disease
• Increase in vector born diseases
• Increase in water born diseases
• Malnutrition
National security
• Increase in number of conflicts (internal and external)
• Conflict over the use of limited natural resources
• Conflict due to migration Shelter
• Destruction of many homes and villages
• Unable to respond and rebuild due to lack of resource
• Migration
Ecosystem

• Change in fresh water and marine


• Decrease in animal ,birds and plant biodiversity
• Migration of animal and birds
Impact on health
• Human health has always been influenced by climate
and weather
• Climate variability ,particularly changes in weather
extremes , affect the environmental that provides us
with clean air ,food , water , shelter and security
• Climate changes , together with other natural and
human made health stressors ,threatens human health
and well-being in numerous way
• Impacts can be direct and indirect
Direct impacts
• Extreme weather event
- results in increased death from cardiovascular and
respiratory disease
• Poor air quality
- increase respiratory disorder
- flares of atopic dermatitis
- allergic (increment of air pollutant
• Thermal stress
- mental illness
- dementia
- depression
Direct impacts
• UV related disease
- risk of non-melanoma skin cancer and cataract
- accelerated skin ageing

Indirect impacts
• Communicable disease
• Vector born disease
• Food and water born disease
• Neglected tropical disease
• Malnutrition
1.Communicable disease
• It results from infection by pathogens like viruses
,bacteria ,fungi ,protozoa and parasites
• Transmitted by physical contact with infected person ,
vector organisms and contaminated substance
• Temperature and moisture availability are two
environmental factors influenced by climate change that
affect pathogens proliferation
• Increase in over crowed areas
• Includes, Tuberculosis ,dermatopytosis ,ebolavirues
Tuberculosis
• Associated with over crowding and poor public health
infrastructure
• Common in climate migrants in refuges camps
• Climate influences TB transmission more directly
• High in wet season than dry season
2. Vector born diseases
• Accounts for approximately 17% of all infectious diseases
• Significant public health problem specially in Africa
• Includes :
Malaria
Dengue fever
Yellow fever
leishmaniasis
trypanosomiasis
Malaria
• Transmitted by the plasmodium species anopheles
mosquito
• Transmission is associated with increased rainfall in dry
regions and high temperature in high altitudes,
• Sensitive to climate variables (humidity)
• Reproduction of P.vivax takes 55 days in 16 C, 29 days at
18 C, only 7 days in 28C
Food and water born disease

• Diarrheal disease Major public health issue in


developing countries
• exposure to a variety of pathogens in water and food
• Lack of safe water can compromise hygiene
• Increase in over crowded area like refuge camps
Neglected Tropical Diseases
• Most common conditions affecting the poorest population
• Most has cutaneous manifestation
• Group of 13 major disabling conditions that are distributed
throughout Africa
• Factors including flooding, irrigation project construction and
climate change
• Thus are Hookworms, Ascariasis, Schistosomiasis, Trichuriasis ,
Onchocerciasis , Trachoma , Leishmaniasis
4. Malnutrition
• Good nutrition is essential for good health
• Deficiencies in energy, fat, protein, nutrient or vitamin
intake lead to malnutrition
• it accounts for an estimated 15% of total disease burden
in DALYs
• climate change will likely worsen existing production and
consumption stresses in food‐insecure countries
• Influence of climate on food production and distribution
is high
• Flooding , desertification leads to food scarcity
• Hinders both physical and intellectual development
Global and Public Health Response
Early Responses: Awareness creation and advocacy
First World Climate Conference
• Held in Feb. 1979

• First time that climate change was regarded as a serious global


problem

• Declaration: calls governments “to foresee and prevent potential man-


made changes in climate that might be adverse to the well-being of
humanity”
Montreal Protocol
• The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is the
landmark multilateral environmental agreement that regulates the
production and consumption of nearly 100 man-made chemicals referred to
as ozone depleting substances (ODS)

• Adopted on 15 September 1987, the Protocol is to date the only UN treaty


ever that has been ratified every country on Earth - all 197 UN Member
States

• Developing and developed countries have equal but differentiated


responsibilities, but most importantly, both groups of countries have
binding, time-targeted and measurable commitments
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 

• Established in 1988

• Established by United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) and World


Meteorological Organization (WMO)

• Tasked to prepare a comprehensive review and recommendations on:


 The state of knowledge of the science of climate change
The social and economic impacts of climate change
Potential response strategies
Elements for inclusion in a possible future international convention on
climate change
Second World Climate Conference
• Held in 1990 in Geneva

• Led by United Nations and its specialized agencies

• Binding global convention on climate change on the horizon

• Developing countries were regarded as actors


Response Ultimatum: Mitigation, Adaptation, Climate Engineering
Response is Uneven Worldwide
• Persistent climate skepticism from key global figures,
motivated in part by national economic interests is
slowing diplomatic efforts to systematically address the
drivers of climate change

• U.S. President Donald Trump’s decision to pull out of the


Paris climate agreement immediately undermined the pact

• Long-term implications of such act will be giving cover to


countries that were never eager to participate in the first
place to back away from their commitments

• Ethiopia’s Vision for a Climate Resilient Green Economy


(2011) and Green legacy
Response Ultimatum

• Mitigation

• Adaptation

• Climate Engineering
Mitigation
Mitigation: is preventing as much additional warming as possible by reducing greenhouse gas emissions

• Fossil fuels account for about 70% of


GHG emissions (coal, oil and gas)
• Renewable energy – Solar, wind,
hydro, bioenergy etc.
• Avoid deforestation, encourage
reforestation and afforestation
 Avoided deforestation - reduces CO2 emissions at a rate of 1 ton of
CO2 per $1–5 in opportunity costs from lost agriculture
 Reforestation -  all over the world could capture about 205 billion
tons of carbon in total which is about 2/3rd of all carbon emissions,
bringing global warming down to below 2 °C
 Afforestation - there is still enough room to plant an additional 1.2
trillion trees and hence trillion trees campaign
Responses that Complemented Mitigation
• IPCC

• UNFCCC

• Kyoto

• COP

• Paris Agreement

• SDG
IPCC Reports
First Assessment Report (FAR) in 1990
 Importance of climate change as a challenge with global consequences and
requiring international cooperation
 Played a decisive role in the creation of UNFCCC

Second Assessment Report (SAR) in 1995


 Provided important materials to help governments adopt the Kyoto protocol

Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001


 Focused on impacts of climate change and the need for adaptation
IPCC Reports … contd.
Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) in 2007
 Ground work for post-Kyoto agreement
 Focused on limiting warming to 2°C

Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) 2013-2014


 Provided scientific input into the Paris Agreement

Special Report in 2018


 Remaining below 1.5°C is still possible and urgency,
that governments need to act now
 With current level of commitments, the world is on a
trajectory to 3°C, which would have unprecedented and
disastrous consequences

Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) will be available in 2022


UNFCCC
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is a UN
initiative which entered force on 21 March 1994

• It has near-universal membership

• The 197 countries that have ratified the Convention are called Parties to the
Convention

• Preventing “dangerous” human interference with the climate system is the


ultimate aim of the UNFCCC
The Convention in summary

• Recognized that there was a problem

• Sets a lofty but specific goal

• Puts the onus on developed countries to lead the way

• Directs new funds to climate change activities in developing


countries

• Keeps tabs on the problem and what's being done about it

• Charts the beginnings of a path to strike a delicate balance

• Kicks off formal consideration of adaptation to climate change


Kyoto Protocol
• The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 11
December 1997

• Owing to a complex ratification


process, it entered into force on 16
February 2005. Currently, there are
192 Parties to the Kyoto Protocol

• Operationalizes the UNFCCC by


committing industrialized countries
and economies in transition to limit
and reduce greenhouse gases
(GHG) emissions in accordance with
agreed individual targets
COP
• Conference of the Parties is the supreme decision-making
body of the Convention

• All States that are Parties to the Convention are represented at


the COP

• Promote the effective implementation of the Convention

• Review the national communications and emission


inventories submitted by Parties

• Assesses the effects of the measures taken by Parties and the


progress made in achieving the ultimate objective of the
Convention

• 25 COP so far, the last one taking place in Madrid, Spain in


2019
Paris Agreement
• At COP 21 in Paris, on 12 December 2015, Parties to the
UNFCCC reached a landmark agreement to combat climate
change and to accelerate and intensify the actions and
investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future

• The Paris Agreement’s central aim is to strengthen the global


response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global
temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius
above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the
temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius

• The Paris Agreement requires all Parties to put forward their


best efforts through “nationally determined contributions”
(NDCs) and to strengthen these efforts in the years ahead
SDG
• Littered throughout the draft SDG

• SDG 13 specifically
“Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts”

• Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and


natural disasters in all countries
• Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and
planning 
Adaptation
• Adjusting society to compensate for unavoidable warming

• Incremental adaptation- actions where the central aim is to maintain the essence
and integrity of a system

• Transformational adaptation - actions that change the fundamental attributes of a


system in response to climate change and its impacts

• Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries


are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming
Types of Adaptation
• Enhancing adaptive capacity

• Agricultural production

• Reforestation

• More spending on irrigation

• Weather control

• Damming glacial lakes


Climate Engineering
• Also known as "geoengineering," is the intentional large-scale intervention
in the Earth’s climate system to counter climate change

• It includes techniques to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere,


and technologies to rapidly cool the Earth by reflecting solar energy back
to space

• Some proposed climate engineering technologies are highly controversial


Public Health Response
The Lancet Commission on Climate Change and Health
• 2015 academic report, “Tackling climate change could be
the greatest global health opportunity of the 21st century”

• Lancet Countdown is an international research


collaboration (2017)

• It assess progress in the global response to climate change


and associated health impacts across 40 unique indicators
and 5 thematic indicator groups

1. Climate Change Impacts, Exposures and Vulnerability


2. Adaptation Planning and Resilience for Health
3. Mitigation Actions and Health Co-Benefits
4. Economics and Finance
5. Public and Political Engagement
Public Health Approach
• Same old public health approaches perfectly work in this scenario

• Primary prevention- goes along with mitigation efforts


 Mostly in other fields than health but Health sciences contribute
information on choice of safe and healthful technologies

• Secondary and tertiary prevention – go along adaptive efforts


Correspond closely to conventional medical and public health practices

• Collectively these sets of practices are called public health preparedness


Public Health Preparedness
• 1998 Wingspread Conference, “When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or
the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause and effect
relationships are not fully established scientifically.”

• Risk management—systematic ongoing efforts to identify and reduce risks to health

• Co-benefits provide another important framework for public health action on climate change

• Economic considerations are critical in public health planning. The mandate to maximize
health protection at the lowest short-term and long-term cost is highly relevant to climate
change

• Public health ethics reflect 3 traditions—utilitarianism, liberalism, and communitarianism—


also offer a rationale for addressing climate change
Source: Public health functions steering committee
References
1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2018
2. Balbus, J., etal. Climate Change and Human Health. The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A
Scientific Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/J0VX0DFW
3. NASA, Global climate change, Vital signs of the planet
4. IPCC 5th Assessment Synthesis Report
5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/impact/ofclimatechange
6. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health
7. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa ,African Climate Policy Centre 201
8. https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/
9. https://www.unfccc.int/
10. https://www.unenvironment.org/
11. https://www.ipcc.ch/h
12. https://www.ucsusa.org/
13. http://www.lancetcountdown.org/
14. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5617059

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