SWINE DISEASES

FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE

FMD is the most important restraint to
international trade in animals and animal
products
Transmission :
Direct and indirect contact with infected animals
aerosol, saliva, nasal discharge,blood, urine,
faeces, semen, infected animal by-products,and
by biological products
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
Vesicles or blisters on the tongue, dental pad,
gums, cheek, hard and soft palate, lips, nostrils,
muzzle, coronary bands, teats, udder, snout of
pigs
Myocarditis in young and often caused of death
No treatment
Prevention is thru vaccination, quarantine and
restriction of movement of animals
HOG CHOLERA
Viral disease affecting only pigs and
caused by pestivirus
The virus is partially resistant to heat
Inactivated by pH <3.0 or pH >11.0
Survives well in cold conditions and
can survive some forms of meat
processing (curing and smoking)
HOG CHOLERA
Transmission
Direct contact between animals
Insufficiently cooked waste food fed to
pigs
Transplacental infection
HOG CHOLERA
Fever , cyanosis of the skin especially of
extremities (ears, limbs, tail, snout)
Multifocal hyperaemia and
haemorrhagic lesions of the skin,
conjunctivitis
Dyspnoea, coughing
Ataxia, paresis and convulsion
Mortality in young pigs can approach
HOG CHOLERA
Prevention and Control:
No treatment is possible. Affected pigs
must be slaughtered and the carcasses
buried or incinerated
Vaccination
SWINE DYSENTERY
It is caused by a spirochaetal bacterium
called Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
This organism causes a severe inflammation
of the large intestine with a bloody mucous
diarrhoea
The organism can survive outside the pig
for up to seven weeks in cold moist
conditions but it dies out in two days in dry
warm environments.
SWINE DYSENTERY
Spread through the herd is slow, pigs
that recover develop a low immunity
and rarely suffer from the disease again
Pigs may develop a sub-clinical carrier
state initially and then break down
with clinical disease when put under
stress or when there is a change of feed
SWINE DYSENTERY
SWINE DYSENTERY
Sloppy diarrhoea, which stains the
skin under the anus.
Initially the diarrhoea is light brown
and contains jelly-like mucus and
becomes watery
Blood may appear in increasing
amounts turning the faeces dark and
tarry
SWINE DYSENTERY
Diagnosis is based on the history, post-
mortem examinations, gram-stained faecal
or colonic smears, fluorescent antibody
tests on faecal smears and the isolation
and identification of organism
Treatment:
Chlortetracycline, Dimetridazole ,
Lincomycin, Monensin ,Tiamulin ,Tylosin
SWINE DYSENTERY
Prevention:
Develop an all-in all-out housing system
with disinfection
Control flies, they can transmit the
organism from one group of pigs to another
Reduce the movement and handling of pigs
Do not overcrowd pigs and endeavour to
keep a dry environment
TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS
TGE is a very important and highly
infectious disease in the piglet caused by a
corona virus
The virus enters the pig by mouth and
multiplies in the villi and destroys them
The virus multiplies in the intestine and is
shed in large numbers in the faeces
TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS
Pig faeces are the major source of
transmission
The virus is killed by sunlight within a few
hours but will survive for long periods outside
the pig in cold or freezing conditions
It is very susceptible to iodine based
disinfectant, quaternary ammonia and
peroxygen compounds
TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS
vomiting and acute watery diarrhea
Treatment
no specific treatment
provide easy access to water containing
electrolyte and an antibiotic such as neomycin
provide extra heat and deep bedding to
reduce the weights of infection from the
diarrhea
TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS
TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS
Prevention:
Follow strict biosecurity measures
Vaccination
PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND
RESPIRATORY SYNDROME
It is caused by arterivirus
The virus is stable under freezing
conditions
The primary vector for transmission of
the virus is the infected pig
Virus can be excreted in the urine and
feces
PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND
RESPIRATORY SYNDROME
Clinical signs:
In sows and piglets it cause severe
reproductive damage:
premature farrowings
stillborn or mummified piglets
weak PRRSV-positive piglets (50% die
soon after birth)
delayed return to service
PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND
RESPIRATORY SYNDROME
Neonatal piglets can display a variety of
clinical signs. The most characteristic are
dyspnea, tachypnea and death
Diagnosis is thru ELISA or indirect
fluorescent antibody test
No treatment
Vaccination
ENZOOTIC PNEUMONIA
Enzootic pneumonia is caused by
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
attacks the lower areas of each lung lobe
causing consolidation
Maternal antibody is passed via colostrum
to the piglets
Trasmission: aerosol, direct contact
ENZOOTIC PNEUMONIA
Clinical signs:
Severe acute pneumonia
Heavy breathing.
Coughing, prolonged
Respiratory distress
Fever
ENZOOTIC PNEUMONIA
Treatment:
OTC, tiamulin, lincomycin, or penicillin/streptomycin
Prevention:
vaccination
ENZOOTIC PNEUMONIA
ERYSIPELAS
Erysipelas is an infectious
disease caused by Erysipelothrix
rhusiopathiae seen mainly in
growing pigs and characterized
clinically by sudden death,
fever, arthritis, and skin lesions
ERYSIPELAS
E rhusiopathiae can survive for
several months in animal tissue,
eg, frozen or chilled meat, cured
and smoked ham, and dry blood. It
can survive in swine feces for up to
6 mo at temperatures below 12 °C
ERYSIPELAS
The organism is excreted by infected pigs
in feces and/or oronasal secretions and
survives for short periods in most soils
 Recovered pigs and those chronically
infected may be carriers of the organism,
possibly for life
Mode of transmission is by ingestion and
through skin abrasions
ERYSIPELAS
acute, subacute, and chronic forms of swine
erysipelas may occur in sequence or
separately
Acute septicemic form: finishing pigs die
suddenly without previous signs
Acutely infected pigs : fever, walk stiffly on
their toes, lie on their sternum and are
reluctant to move.
ERYSIPELAS
Skin discoloration on the ears, snout,
and abdomen, to diamond-shaped skin
lesions particularly the lateral and
dorsal parts
Chronic form: chronic arthritis,
vegetative valvular endocarditis
ERYSIPELAS
Treatment:
Penicillin
Treatment of chronic infection is
usually ineffective or not cost effective,
and such pigs should be culled
Prevention:
best achieved by regular vaccination
PLEUROPNEUMONIA
 a severe and contagious respiratory
disease, primarily of young pigs (≤6 mo
of age)
causal organism is Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniae
Transmission is nose-to-nose contact,
and many recovered pigs are carriers
PLEUROPNEUMONIA
Onset is sudden, and some pigs may
be found dead without having shown
clinical signs
Respiratory distress is severe: fever,
“thumps,” and sometimes open-mouth
breathing with a blood-stained, frothy
nasal and oral discharge
PLEUROPNEUMONIA
Lesions: bilateral pneumonia, lungs are
dark and swollen and ooze bloody fluid from
the cut surface; hemorrhagic
Treatment :
Rapidity of onset and persistence in infected
herds makes treatment difficult
Ceftiofur, tetracyclines, synthetic penicillins,
tylosin, and sulfonamides have been used
PLEUROPNEUMONIA
Prevention:
reduced stocking rates, and improved
ventilation
Buy replacements from herds free of
the disease
SWINE INFLUENZA (HOG FLU)
an acute, highly contagious, respiratory disease
that results from infection with type A
influenza virus
Pigs are the principal hosts of classic swine
influenza virus
Swine influenza virus (SIV) is an
orthomyxovirus of the influenza A group with
hemagglutinating antigen H1 and
neuraminidase antigen N1 (ie, H1N1)
SWINE INFLUENZA (HOG FLU)
Transmission is mainly by aerosol and
pig-to-pig contact
virus survives in carrier pigs for up to 3
mo and can be recovered from
clinically normal animals between
outbreaks
SWINE INFLUENZA (HOG FLU)
main signs are depression, fever ,
coughing, dyspnea, prostration, and a
mucous discharge from the eyes and
nose
principal economic loss is from
stunting and delay in reaching market
weight
SWINE INFLUENZA (HOG FLU)
Treatment and Control:
There is no effective treatment
Expectorants may help relieve signs of
coughing
Vaccination and strict import controls
are the only specific preventive
measures
PSEUDORABIES
an acute, frequently fatal disease
affects swine primarily
Clinical signs are similar to those of
rabies, hence the name “mad itch”
The virus can be transmitted via nose-
to-nose or fecal-oral contact,
inhalation
PSEUDORABIES
In general, signs of CNS disease are
seen
weaned pigs show respiratory signs
Pigs may abort
Treatment and Control:
no specific treatment
vaccination
TETANUS
Tetanus toxemia is caused by a specific
neurotoxin produced by Clostridium
tetani in necrotic tissue
it is introduced into the tissues
through wounds, particularly deep
puncture wounds
it often follows docking or castration
TETANUS
animal is easily excited into more violent,
general spasms by sudden movement or
noise
Spasms of head muscles cause difficulty in
prehension and mastication of food
(lockjaw)
pigs often fall to the ground and exhibit
opisthotonos when startled
TETANUS
Treatment:
When administered in the early stages of the disease,
curariform agents, tranquilizers, or barbiturate
sedatives, in conjunction with tetanus antitoxin
Prevention:
Active immunization can be accomplished with
tetanus toxoid
SWINE POX
Swinepox is an acute, often mild,
infectious disease characterized by skin
eruptions that affects only pigs
Swine pox virus is relatively heat stable
and survives for ~10 days at 37°C
most frequently seen in young pigs, 3-
6 wk old, but all ages may be affected
SWINE POX
After an incubation period of ~1 wk,
small red areas may be seen on the face,
ears, inside the legs, and abdomen and
develop into papules, pustules, or small
vesicles
Virus is abundant in the lesions and can
be transferred from pig to pig by the
biting louse ( Haematopinus suis )
SWINE POX
Recovered pigs are immune
There is no specific treatment
Eradication of lice is important
COLIBACILLOSIS
Enteric colibacillosis is a common disease of
nursing and weanling pigs caused by
colonization of the small intestine by
enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli
The common antigenic types of pili associated
with pathogenicity are K88, K99, 987P, and F41
Infection in neonates is commonly caused by
K88 and 987P strains, whereas postweaning
colibacillosis is nearly always due to the K88
strain
COLIBACILLOSIS
Profuse watery diarrhea with rapid
dehydration, acidosis, and death is common
Rarely, pigs may collapse and die before
diarrhea begins
Dehydration and distention of the small
intestine with yellowish, slightly mucoid
fluid is characteristic
Pigs dying suddenly may have patchy
cutaneous erythema
COLIBACILLOSIS
Treatment :
treatment with antibacterials and
restoration of fluid and electrolyte balance
Bacterial antibiotic sensitivity testing is
helpful to identify effective medication.
Prevention:
reduce dampness and chilling; improving
sanitation
vaccinating gestating sows