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Excitation:
Vasocongestion: pelvic area receives more
blood in general, in particular to genitals.
Males:
• penile erection
• scrotal sac thickens, elevates
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL RESPONSE
Excitation (Cont’d)
Females:
• vaginal lubrication
• glans clitoris enlarges (similar to penile erection)
• nipples erect (myotonia: muscle contraction)
• breasts enlarge (vasocongestion
• inner lips of vulva swell and open, change in colour
(darker)
• upper 2/3rds of vagina balloons
• cervix and uterus stand up: tenting effect
• angle of cervical opening more receptive to sperm
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL RESPONSE
Excitation (Cont’d)
Both Sexes:
• sex flush (can happen later)
• heart rate, respiration rate gradually
increase
• generalized myotonia
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL RESPONSE
Plateau:
Both males and females continue
vasocongestion to max
Heart rate, respiration rate and blood
pressure continue to increase
Copious perspiration
Increased myotonia
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL RESPONSE
Plateau (Cont’d)
Females:
orgasmic platform:
outer third of vagina
thickens, swells:
condition sine qua
non: without it, no
orgasm
tenting complete
clitoris erect
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL RESPONSE
Plateau (Cont’d)
Males:
Cowper’s glands
secrete fluid through
tip of penis.
WARNING: may
contain live sperm!
scrotum even higher
and testicles bigger
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL RESPONSE
Orgasmic:
Males: Two stages:
• contraction of seminal
vesicles, vas and
prostate
• contraction of urethra
and penis: ejaculation
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL RESPONSE
Orgasmic:
Females:
• contractions of
orgasmic platform
• contractions of uterus
• several orgasms
possible if stimulation
continues
• oxytocin
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL RESPONSE
Orgasmic:
Both:
very high heart rate, blood
pressure and breathing
intense myotonia
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL RESPONSE
Resolution:
Return to normal, muscles relax, breathing
etc. back to normal, blood back to circulation
from genitals.
Males
• refractory period
Orgasmic:
Men:
• intensity lessens from mid- to late 20s
Middle Age:
• really noticeable
• ejaculate less volume, less forceful
Resolution:
Refractory period increases
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL RESPONSE
Resolution:
Men:
• longer refractory periods, 24 hrs. midlife, longer in
old age.
Women:
• no refractory periods ever.
Females
Intensity of
Response
Males
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Age
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL RESPONSE
Cognitive models:
Kaplan’s triphasic model:
• sexual desire
• vasocongestion
• muscular contraction
Walen and Roth’s model:
• emphasis on perception and evaluation, 8 steps,
necessary for the arousal cycle to be completed
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL RESPONSE
Neural and hormonal involvement
in sexual responses:
Parasympathetic:
• arousal
Sympathetic:
• orgasm
Spinal reflexes:
• erection and ejaculation
Erection:
• sacral cord responds to stimulation,
sends message via parasympathetic
to relax penile arteries: more blood
flows to penis. Also, message to
brain, awareness (not if spine
severed above sacrum)
Ejaculation:
• higher in spinal cord, message to
sympathetic that causes muscle
contractions. Also, message to brain,
awareness, possibility of control
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL RESPONSE
Higher Centres:
limbic system:
septal region of the
amygdala
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SEXUAL RESPONSE