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Lecture 2.
Structure of levels
Adjustment of levels
Error sources
Procedure of levelling
Line levelling, detail point levelling
Processing levelling data
Line of sight
dA dB
(lA) lA equipo
tenti
surfac al
e
A (lB)
lB
DHAB
aphy
topogr
DHAB=lA-lB=(lA)-dA-(lB)+dB B
Tilting level
Bubble tube
Diaphragm
Tilting screw
Circular bubble Tilting axis
Levelling head
R2
R1
R1 greater than R2
R1 R1
l2 l1
radians
L
L L
Object
Eyepiece
Object lens
Virtual image
Line of collimation
When viewing two distant objects approximately along a straight line, and
the eye is moved to one side, then the more distant object moves relative to
the other in the same direction.
If the real image formed by the objective lens does not coincide with the
diaphragm a parallax is observed -> the reading depend on the position of
the eye!
diaphragm image
External focusing
Variable length
Focusing lens
Internal focusing
Fixed length
Tilting level
Bubble tube
Diaphragm
Tilting screw
Circular bubble Tilting axis
Tribrach
(Levelling head)
Tangent screw (slow motion screw) - to finely rotate the telescope along a
vertical axis
Tilting level
How can we view the bubble tube?
Prism
(note: on some instruments the fine motion screw works only, when
Automatic level
We must adjust the bubble tube before every reading when using
the tilting level -> takes a lot of time, may cause blunders (large
mistakes in the observations)
Structure of levels
Adjustment of levels
Error sources
Procedure of levelling
Line levelling, detail point levelling
Processing levelling data
2. Compute the elevation difference between the test points (A and B)!
a1 b1
d1 d2
A P B
d1 d2
The effect of collimation error cancels, when d1=d2.
4. Compute the elevation difference from the observations (note that the elevation
difference contains the effect of the collimation error)!
a2 b2
d1 d 2 d3
d3
A B
d1+d2 d3 Q
H AB a2 d1 d 2 d 3 b2 d 3
H AB a2 b2 d1 d 2
5. The true elevation difference is already computed from the previous configuration:
H AB a1 b1
6. Thus the collimation error is:
a2 b2 a1 b1
d1 d 2
Sz. Rózsa: Surveying I. – Lecture 1
Outline
Structure of levels
Adjustment of levels
Error sources
Procedure of levelling
Line levelling, detail point levelling
Processing levelling data
Line of sight
dA dB
(lA) lA equipo
tenti
surfac al
e
lB (lB)
DHAB
aphy
topogr
Solution: Since the equipotential surface is approximately spherical, the effect of curvature
is a function of the instrument-staff distance. When the backsight and foresight distances
are equal, the effect of curvature cancels out.
For points with the same elevation, the effect of refraction can be neglected.
dr
r’
radius of refractive curve
d2
r
2r
R Radius of the Earth
d2 R d2 R
r
2r R 2 R r
R
introducing : k 0,13
r
a1 b1
A P B
d1 d2
di
a
di=li-licosa
dh dh
a1
b1 a2 b2
A B A
H AB a1 b1 h B
H BA b2 a2 h
Let’s compute the mean value of the DHAB and DHBA:
H AB H BA a1 b1 h b2 a2 h a1 b1 b2 a2 H AB H BA
H AB
2 2 2 2
Solution: the reading should be taken in both order, and the mean value
of the height differences should be computed (assuming constant
observation speed)
Sz. Rózsa: Surveying I. – Lecture 1
Systematic error in levelling
Problem:
The staff has a subsidence during the observations. a
change plate must be used to support the staff.
Solution:
- all lines should be run twice in the opposite
directions;
- a change plate must be used to support the staff.
Graduation error of the staff
01 l = (l) + d
Staff No. 1.
Staff No. 2.
lBS
lFS
DH
DH = lBS-lFS
DH = [(lBS)+d1]-[(lFS)+d2)]=lBS-lFS+d1-d2
Staff No. 2.
1
2
Staff No. 1.
The sum of two height differences:
DH = [(lBS)+d1]-[(lFS)+d2)]=lBS-lFS+d1-d2
DH = [(lBS)+d2]-[(lFS)+d1)]=lBS-lFS+d2-d1
DH1 = [(lBS)+d1]-[(lFS)+d2)]=(lBS)-(lFS)+d1-d2
DH2 = [(lBS)+d2]-[(lFS)+d1)]=(lBS)-(lFS)+d2-d1
Structure of levels
Adjustment of levels
Error sources
Procedure of levelling
Line levelling, detail point levelling
Processing levelling data
Structure of levels
Adjustment of levels
Error sources
Procedure of levelling
Line levelling, detail point levelling
Processing levelling data
Line of sight
dA dB
(lA) lA equipo
tenti
surfac al
e
lB (lB)
DHAB
aphy
topogr
What happens, when we want to measure the height difference of two distant
points?
Dh1
D h2
DH
Dh3
Dh4
DH=Dh1+Dh2+Dh3+Dh4
DH=SlBS-SlFS
Structure of levels
Adjustment of levels
Error sources
Procedure of levelling
Line levelling, detail point levelling
Processing levelling data
B
HA HB=?
MSL
Reference level
A
1
HA 3 HB=?
2
B
PID d BS FS Rise Fall H
A 12 14 103.455
1 20 08 33 14 58 0.244
2 19 14 74 13 99 0.566
3 15 08 69 09 13 0.561
B 13 11 25 0.256 102.950
0.561 1.066
DHAB=SRise-SFall=-0.505 m
A 12 14 103.455
1 20 08 33 14 58 0.244
2 19 14 74 13 99 0.566
3 15 08 69 09 13 0.561
B 13 11 25 0.256
DHAB=SRise-SFall=-0.505 m
B 12 03
1 11 10 01 09 11 0.292
2 13 13 53 15 19 -0.518
3 18 15 22 09 41 0.412
A 22 11 97 0.325
DHBA=SRise-SFall=+0.511m
B
HA HB
The elevation of the characteristic points
of the ditch should be determined!
MSL
Reference level