Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Temperature
Time of Setting
Hardened Properties - ASTM
Strength
AirContent
Density, Absorption and Voids
Volume Change
Durability
Permeability
Strength
Durability
Freeze – Thaw
Chloride-Ion
Alkali-Aggregate
Sulfate
How does Concrete Get Its
Strength
PC + water = hydration reaction > GLUE +
Heat
Cementitious material literally glues all of the
inert (non-reactive) aggregates together to
produce a solid load bearing mass that we call
PCC
Strength is inversely proportional to the water-
to-cement ratio
Strength vs. w/c Ratio for PCC
Strength, psi
w/c ratio
What’s Important
Good quality materials
PC, water, coarse aggregate, and fine aggregate
Proper Proportioning of the Materials
Proper Mixing
Proper Curing
QC Testing
Other Types of Concrete
Lightweight Concrete
Structural and Non-structural (120 – 50 pcf)
High Density Concrete (400 pcf)
Mass Concrete
Pre-placed Concrete
No Slump Concrete
Roller-Compacted Concrete
Shotcrete (Wet and Dry)
PC does NOT come from
Portland Oregon
History
Portland Cement
Limestone + Sand + Clay + Iron ore + heat(1500 C) =
PC Clinker + Grinding = PC powder
Dry process and wet process (p. 22 and 23)
Hydraulic Cement – hardens in air and under water
Types I, II, III, IV and V
What does 1 bag of PC weigh?
Cement kilns are HUGE ...
A cement kiln is the word's largest moving
manufacturing machine. Typically, they are
a huge cylindrical furnace 12 to 25 feet in
diameter and 450 to 1,000 feet in length.
They are set on a slight incline and rotate
from 1 to 4 RPM. Cement kilns can
process up 200 tons of raw material such
as limestone, clay, and sand each hour.
Cement kilns are HOT ...
Internal temperatures exceed 3,000ºF,
nearly one third the temperature of the
sun's surface.
Cement kilns are HUNGRY ...
The cement industry is the world's third
largest consumer of energy and typically
uses 12 tons of fuel each hour..
General Types of Cement
Type I – General Purpose
Type II – Moderate Heat, Moderate Sulfate
Resistance
Type III – High Early Strength
sugar
Strength vs. w/c Ratio for PCC
Strength, psi
w/c ratio
Aggregates
Coarse Aggregate
Retained on #4 Sieve
0.187 in (3/16”) or 4.76 mm
Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rock
Granite
Limestone
River gravel
CA continued
Maximum size from 6-in to 3/8-in
Max size governed by ACI code
Graded down to #4 sieve according to ASTM C136
Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates ASTM C33
(Table 5.5, p. 84-5).
Common gradations, #467, #57, #67 and #8 (#89-FL)
1-1/2 in max, 1-in max, ¾-in max, and 3/8-in max respectively
Aggregate Testing according ASTM Standards
TABLE 5.2 (Page 81), Table 5.6 and 5.7, (page.
92).
Dry-Rodded Unit Weight test of coarse aggregate ASTM C29
Dry-Rodded Unit Weight of CA
Test
Aggregates
Fine Aggregate
Passing #4 Sieve <3/16 - in.
Natural Siliceous and Crushed Limestone Fines
Aggregate Testing according to ASTM
TABLE 5.2 (Page 81)
Graded according to ASTM C33 OR FDOT 902
Table 5.3
See next slide
Fineness modulus
Indication of the average particle size (2.0 to 3.0)
Fine Aggregate Grading Limits
(ASTM and FDOT)
Sieve size % Passing
ASTM C33 FDOT 902
No. 4 95-100 95 - 100
No. 8 80-100 85 - 100
No. 16 50-85 65 - 97
No. 30 25-60 25 - 70
No. 50 5-30 5 - 35
No. 100 0-10 0-7
#100 #4
ASTM Standards
ASTM D4791, Standard Test Method for Flat Particles, Elongated
Particles, or Flat and Elongated Particles in Coarse Aggregate
ASTM D5821, Standard Test Method for Determining the
Percentage of Fractured Particles in Coarse Aggregate
500 g
sample
Fineness Modulus Calculation
Sieve Size % Retained Cum. Cum.
%Retained %Passing
No. 4 0 0 100
No. 8 10 10 90
No. 16 25 35 65
No. 30 24 59 41
No. 50 26 85 15
No. 100 11 96 4
Pan 4 100 0
Total 285
FM 2.85
Lab1 Information
Handouts
UnitWeight of CA
Gradation and FM of Fine Aggregate
Calculation
1) Calculate the unit weight in both the loose and compact (dense)
conditions for the coarse aggregate.
γ bulk = (G - T) / V
where:
γ bulk = unit weight of the aggregate, lb/ft3
G = mass of the aggregate plus the measure, lb
T = mass of the measure, lb
V = volume of the measure, ft3
Gradation and FM of
Fine Aggregate –
ASTM C136
500 g
sample
Fineness Modulus Calculation
Sieve Size % Retained Cum. Cum.
%Retained %Passing
No. 4 0 0 100
No. 8 10 10 90
No. 16 25 35 65
No. 30 24 59 41
No. 50 26 85 15
No. 100 11 96 4
Pan 4 100 0
Total 285
FM 2.85
Fine Aggregate Grading Limits
(ASTM and FDOT)
Sieve size % Passing
ASTM C33 FDOT 902
No. 4 95-100 95 - 100
No. 8 80-100 85 - 100
No. 16 50-85 65 - 97
No. 30 25-60 25 - 70
No. 50 5-30 5 - 35
No. 100 0-10 0-7
Recycled Concrete Aggregate
Oldconcrete that has been removed and
crushed to produce aggregate.
Coarse aggregate in new concrete
Fine aggregate in new concrete
Best combination is CA with natural fine aggregate
Good strength
Drying shrinkage problem
Base-coarse replacement for natural limestone
Pervious concrete pavement using recycled
concrete as coarse aggregate.
Pervious Concrete
Mineral Admixtures
Pozzolanic (cement replacement)
Class F Fly ash – 15 to 25% bwc
Class C Fly ash –15 to 40% bwc
Blast Furnace Slag (cement replacement)
25 to 70% bwc
Labor & 8%
Equipment
Reinforcing Steel 12%
Labor & 7%
Equipment
Formwork 10%
Materials
Labor & 39%
Equipment
ASTM C143
Sizeof slump cone
Time to complete test
Sampling – 5 min
Start of test – 2.5 min
Read to nearest ¼ in
Rodding – 25 times per layer = 75 times
ASTM C138
Bucket size
Unit wt calc.
Yield calc
Rodding procedure
ASTM C231
Aircontent by pressure method
Rodding procedure
Procedure
results
ASTM C173
Aircontent – volumetric
Rodding technique
Method
results