ELECTRONIC

SIGNALS
PREPARED BY : MOHD ZULKIEFADLY MOHD ZULKIFLI
INPUT & OUTPUT SIGNAL

INPUT OUTPUT

Provides
Cause electrical /
information
electronic device
about operating
to operate
condition

Lamps, LED, relay,

Switches, sensor
motor
 ANALOG
SIGNAL
DIGITAL
SIGNAL

ELECTRONIC SIGNALS
 ANALOGUE ELECTRONICS
(analog signal)
A signal that represent a continuously
variable voltage

• The term "analogue"

proportional relationship between a signal

and a voltage or current that represents
the signal.
• An analogue signal uses some attribute of the
medium to convey the signal's information

aneroid barometer uses the angular

position of a needle as the signal to
convey the information of changes in
atmospheric pressure
CONVEYING / CONVERT
THE ANALOG SIGNAL
• Electrical signals may represent information by
changing their voltage, current, frequency, or
total charge.

• Information is converted from some other

physical form (sound, light, temperature,
pressure, position) to an electrical signal by a
transducer which converts one type of energy
into another
microphone
• Another method of conveying an analogue signal
is to use modulation.
• In this, some base carrier signal has one of its
properties altered: amplitude modulation (AM)
involves altering the amplitude of a sinusoidal
voltage waveform by the source information,
frequency modulation (FM) changes the
frequency.

• Other techniques, such as phase modulation or

changing the phase of the carrier signal, are also
used.
 ADVANTAGES

DIGITAL
ELECTRONIC
(DIGITAL SIGNAL)

DEFINISI TRANSMISSION
 systems that represent signals as discrete
levels, rather than as a continuous range.

• In most cases the number of states is two, and

these states are represented by 2 voltage
levels: one near to zero volts and one at a
higher level depending on the supply voltage
in use.
• These two levels are often represented as :
 high / low
 on / off
 1/0

• Digital electronics are usually made from large

assemblies of logic gates, simple electronic
representations of Boolean logic function
 Easy data Flexible
storage processing

High Various
Interference transmission
Immunity ADVANTAGE option
OF DIGITAL
SIGNAL
PROCESSING
 HIGH INTERFERENCE IMMUNITY

• Analog information is highly liable to

interference, i.e. errors are caused by even the
smallest disturbance signals, whereas digitally
encoded information will be distorted only
when the disturbance signal is larger than the
signal-to-noise ratio of the digital level used.
 SHORT-TIME AND PERMANENT STORAGE
(GOOD STORAGE PROPERTIES)

• Digital data can be stored very easily on a

variety of often very cost-effective data
carriers.
• There is the option of storing in volatile
semiconductor memories (Random Access
Memory: RAM), or permanently on magnetic
and optical data carriers.
 FLEXIBLE PROCESSING

• Microprocessor-based and software-

controlled data processing enables even
complex algorithms to be computed in almost
no time with a high degree of flexibility.
 VARIOUS TRANSMISSION OPTIONS

• The two states of a binary signal can be encoded in many

different ways, thus offering a broad spectrum of application.
For data transmission over long distances, for example, optical
fiber cables are used because of their low energy consumption
and high interference immunity.

• Binary signals can be assigned directly to the ON/OFF states of

a light signal, while analog signals can only be transmitted
optically after expensive and time-consuming linearization and
intensity analysis which is liable to errors.
TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL
SIGNALS

Bit-parallel Bit-serial
 BIT-PARALLEL TRANSMISSION
(TRANSMISSION VIA SEVERAL SIGNAL LINES)

• With parallel transmission, all bits of a piece of

information are transmitted at the same time
bit-parallel via an appropriate number of
signal lines.
• The installation costs are high and only
acceptable for short distances.
• The transmission of one byte alone requires a
minimum of nine lines -8 bits and a reference
potential (Fig. 1)
• Therefore, this technique is presently almost
only used for device busses.

• This application over short distances, requires

high transmission rates while doing without
conversion methods that need a large number
of components.
 BIT-SERIAL TRANSMISSION
(TRANSMISSION VIA 1 SIGNAL LINE)

• For long distances, serial transmission is a

good solution. Here, only one signal line
transmits the bits one after the other.
• As a result, the transmission of information
takes more time, which is nevertheless
acceptable because, on the other hand, the
installation effort and the costs are
considerably reduced (Fig. 2)
• Since all the information is mostly generated
and processed in bit-parallel mode, the
transmitter must convert the data from
parallel to serial, and the receiver must
reconvert it from serial to parallel

• This function is performed by specially

operated shift registers which are already
integrated in communication modules
available on the market.
THANK YOU … !!

HOPE U ALL WILL

UNDERSTAND ……